This is a book on the basics of mathematics and computation and their uses in economics for modern day students and practitioners. The reader is introduced to the basics of numerical analysis as well as the use of computer programs such as Matlab and Excel in carrying out involved computations. Sections are devoted to the use of Maple in mathematical analysis. Examples drawn from recent contributions to economic theory and econometrics as well as a variety of end of chapter exercises help to illustrate and apply the presented concepts.

Ifanyonehadadoubtregardingtheimportanceofmacroeconomics, the?nancial andeconomiccrisisof2007-2009shouldhaverelievedhim/herofit.Furthermore, at times the unfolding drama and its historical background was an education in macroeconomicsinitself.Itseemedeveryonewasanxioustolearnaboutthecauses of the crisis, its turns and twists, and the possible remedies and their effecti- ness.Thisisbe?ttingsincemacroeconomics asweknowitnowwastheproduct ofanothereconomiccrisis. OnThursday, October 24, 1929 (known asBlack Thursday), thestockmarket crashed.Withinayear, thenumberofjoblessworkersclimbedtomorethanfour millionandhungryprotesterstooktothestreetsofNewYork.ThusbegantheGreat Depression, which in the course of the decades to come changed the economies ofindustrialcountries, fundamentallytransformedourvisionoftheeconomyand economicpolicy, andbroughtintoprominenceabranchofeconomicsthatin1933 RagnarFrisch christenedmacroeconomics. Overthenext80yearstheinteractionofeconomicevents, economictheory, and economicpolicyresultedinabodyofknowledgethatisanintegralpartofpolitical andeconomicdiscourseandindeedofeverydaylifeintheUnitedStatesandaround theworld.Economists, businessleaders, policymakers, andallconcernedcitizens needtobefamiliarwithmacroeconomics. Macroeconomics is best understood in a historical context. The book offers an introduction to macroeconomic theory and policy as they relate to events and developments of thepast 80years. The United States economy and its?scal and monetarypoliciesarethemainconcerns, butbecausetheUnitedStateseconomy andworldeconomiesareintertwined, thestoriesoftheirinteractionswillalsobe recounted. Let me emphasize that the book is neither an economic history of the United States nor a history of economic thought. The purpose of this book is to teach macroeconomicsinthecontextofactualeventsandwithemphasisontherelati- shipsbetweenmacroeconomictheoryandpolicy. Students of economics, professional economists, and the interested public are the target audience. The book can be used as the main text or a supplement in advancedundergraduateandbeginninggraduatecoursesinmacroeconomics.P- fessionaleconomistsmay?nditausefulreference.Thebookisnotintendedfor vii viii Contents readerswithnobackgroundineconomics.Butanyonewhoisreadytoexpendthe effortandisnotputoffbyoccasionalequationscouldbene?tfromreadingit. IwouldliketothankSpringer-VerlageditorsBarbaraFessandChristianeBeisel for their help, support, and understanding during the writing of this book. I also wouldliketothankAnnaDittrichofSpringer-VerlagandSaranyaBaskarandher colleagues at Integra for their excellent work in producing the book. Colleagues, friends, and students helped with their comments and questions. In particular I would like to thank Neil Alper, Oscar Brookins, William Dickens, Tess Forsell, AmaritaNattwhoreadallorlargepartsofthebookandmadeextensivesuggestions andcorrections.MythanksalsogoestoAndrewSumandMariaLuengo-Pradowho madeusefulcomments.StudentsinmygraduatemacroeconomicsclassYuanGao (Highfar), EmilyHalle, YelenaKuznetsov, AliciaParillo, andBrianSiebendetected errorsandmadesuggestions

Ifanyonehadadoubtregardingtheimportanceofmacroeconomics,the?nancial andeconomiccrisisof2007-2009shouldhaverelievedhim/herofit.Furthermore, at times the unfolding drama and its historical background was an education in macroeconomicsinitself.Itseemedeveryonewasanxioustolearnaboutthecauses of the crisis, its turns and twists, and the possible remedies and their effecti- ness.Thisisbe?ttingsincemacroeconomics asweknowitnowwastheproduct ofanothereconomiccrisis. OnThursday, October 24, 1929 (known asBlack Thursday), thestockmarket crashed.Withinayear,thenumberofjoblessworkersclimbedtomorethanfour millionandhungryprotesterstooktothestreetsofNewYork.ThusbegantheGreat Depression, which in the course of the decades to come changed the economies ofindustrialcountries,fundamentallytransformedourvisionoftheeconomyand economicpolicy,andbroughtintoprominenceabranchofeconomicsthatin1933 RagnarFrisch christenedmacroeconomics. Overthenext80yearstheinteractionofeconomicevents,economictheory,and economicpolicyresultedinabodyofknowledgethatisanintegralpartofpolitical andeconomicdiscourseandindeedofeverydaylifeintheUnitedStatesandaround theworld.Economists,businessleaders,policymakers,andallconcernedcitizens needtobefamiliarwithmacroeconomics. Macroeconomics is best understood in a historical context. The book offers an introduction to macroeconomic theory and policy as they relate to events and developments of thepast 80years. The United States economy and its?scal and monetarypoliciesarethemainconcerns,butbecausetheUnitedStateseconomy andworldeconomiesareintertwined,thestoriesoftheirinteractionswillalsobe recounted. Let me emphasize that the book is neither an economic history of the United States nor a history of economic thought. The purpose of this book is to teach macroeconomicsinthecontextofactualeventsandwithemphasisontherelati- shipsbetweenmacroeconomictheoryandpolicy. Students of economics, professional economists, and the interested public are the target audience. The book can be used as the main text or a supplement in advancedundergraduateandbeginninggraduatecoursesinmacroeconomics.P- fessionaleconomistsmay?nditausefulreference.Thebookisnotintendedfor vii viii Contents readerswithnobackgroundineconomics.Butanyonewhoisreadytoexpendthe effortandisnotputoffbyoccasionalequationscouldbene?tfromreadingit. IwouldliketothankSpringer-VerlageditorsBarbaraFessandChristianeBeisel for their help, support, and understanding during the writing of this book. I also wouldliketothankAnnaDittrichofSpringer-VerlagandSaranyaBaskarandher colleagues at Integra for their excellent work in producing the book. Colleagues, friends, and students helped with their comments and questions. In particular I would like to thank Neil Alper, Oscar Brookins, William Dickens, Tess Forsell, AmaritaNattwhoreadallorlargepartsofthebookandmadeextensivesuggestions andcorrections.MythanksalsogoestoAndrewSumandMariaLuengo-Pradowho madeusefulcomments.StudentsinmygraduatemacroeconomicsclassYuanGao (Highfar),EmilyHalle,YelenaKuznetsov,AliciaParillo,andBrianSiebendetected errorsandmadesuggestionsforimprovement.

This is a book on the basics of mathematics and computation and their uses in economics for modern day students and practitioners. The reader is introduced to the basics of numerical analysis as well as the use of computer programs such as Matlab and Excel in carrying out involved computations. Sections are devoted to the use of Maple in mathematical analysis. Examples drawn from recent contributions to economic theory and econometrics as well as a variety of end of chapter exercises help to illustrate and apply the presented concepts.