Karl Menger, one of the founders of dimension theory, belongs to the most original mathematicians and thinkers of the twentieth century. He was a member of the Vienna Circle and the founder of its mathematical equivalent, the Viennese Mathematical Colloquium. Both during his early years in Vienna and, after his emigration, in the United States, Karl Menger made significant contributions to a wide variety of mathematical fields, and greatly influenced some of his colleagues. The Selecta Mathematica contain Menger's major mathematical papers, based on his own selection from his extensive writings. They deal with topics as diverse as topology, geometry, analysis and algebra, as well as writings on economics, sociology, logic, philosophy and mathematical results. The two volumes are a monument to the diversity and originality of Menger's ideas.

Karl Menger, one of the founders of dimension theory, belongs to the most original mathematicians and thinkers of the twentieth century. He was a member of the Vienna Circle and the founder of its mathematical equivalent, the Viennese Mathematical Colloquium. Both during his early years in Vienna, and after his emigration to the United States, Karl Menger made significant contributions to a wide variety of mathematical fields, and greatly influenced some of his colleagues. The Selecta Mathematica contain Menger's major mathematical papers, based on his own selection of his extensive writings. They deal with topics as diverse as topology, geometry, analysis and algebra, as well as writings on economics, sociology, logic, philosophy and mathematical results. The two volumes are a monument to the diversity and originality of Menger's ideas.

Proceedings of the IIASA Workshop, November 30-December 4, 1987, Laxenburg, Austria

Karl Menger, one of the founders of dimension theory, is among the most original mathematicians and thinkers of the twentieth century. He was a member of the Vienna Circle and the founder of its mathematical equivalent, the Viennese Mathematical Colloquium. Both during his early years in Vienna and, after his emigration, in the United States, Karl Menger made significant contributions to a wide variety of mathematical fields, and greatly influenced many of his colleagues. These two volumes contain Menger's major mathematical papers, based on his own selection from his extensive writings. They deal with topics as diverse as topology, geometry, analysis and algebra, and also include material on economics, sociology, logic and philosophy. The Selecta Mathematica is a monument to the diversity and originality of Menger's ideas.

This monograph takes stock of our current knowledge on the evolutionary ecology of infectious diseases, and sets out the goals for the management of virulent pathogens. Throughout the text, the fundamental concepts and techniques underlying the models are carefully explained in a unique series of integrated boxes.

Proceedings of the IIASA Workshop, November 30-December 4, 1987, Laxenburg, Austria

Emerging diseases pose a continual threat to public health. Short multiplication time and high variability allow pathogens to evolve very rapidly. It is therefore imperative to incorporate evolutionary considerations into longer-term health management plans. The evolution of infectious disease is also an ideal test-bed for theories of evolutionary dynamics. This book combines both threads, taking stock of our current knowledge on the evolutionary ecology of infectious diseases, and setting out the goals for the management of virulent pathogens. Throughout the book, the fundamental concepts and techniques underlying the modelling are carefully explained in a unique series of integrated boxes. The book ends with an overview of novel options for virulence management in humans, farm animals, plants, wildlife populations and biological control schemes. Written for graduate students and researchers, Adaptive Dynamics of Infectious Diseases provides an integrated treatment of mathematical evolutionary modelling and disease management.

Time Magazine reihte ihn unter die hundert wichtigsten Personen des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts. Die Harvard University verlieh ihm das Ehrendoktorat fur die Entdeckung "der bedeutsamsten mathematischen Wahrheit des Jahrhunderts". Er gilt allgemein als der groesste Logiker seit Aristoteles. Sein Freund Einstein ging, nach eigener Aussage, nur deshalb ans Institut, um Goedel auf dem Heimweg begleiten zu durfen. Und John von Neumann, einer der Vater des Computers, schrieb: "Goedel ist tatsachlich absolut unersetzlich. Er ist der einzige Mathematiker, von dem ich das zu behaupten wage." Dieses Buch ist eine leichtverdauliche, einfache und anschauliche Einfuhrung in Goedels Leben und Werk, gedacht fur jene, die sich fur die menschlichen und kulturellen Aspekte der Wissenschaft interessieren. Ausgangspunkt des Buches waren die Vorbereitungen zu einer Ausstellung uber Kurt Goedel aus Anlass seines hundertsten Geburtstags. Eine Ausstellung hat etwas von einem Spaziergang an sich, und gerade das wollen wir bieten: einen Spaziergang mit Goedel. Albert Einstein genoss solche Spaziergange sehr. Man kann also Goedel geniessen.

Die gesammelten mathematischen und philosophischen Werke von Hans Hahn erscheinen hier in einer dreibandigen Ausgabe. Sie enthalt samtli che Veroffentlichungen von Hahn, mit Ausnahme jener, die ursprtinglich in Buchform erschienen - dazu gehoren neben dem zweibandigen Werk tiber Reelle Funktionen auch die Einfuhrung in die Elemente der hdheren Mathematik, die er gemeinsam mit Heinrich Tietze schrieb, seine An merkungen zu Bolzanos Paradoxien des Unendlichen und mehrere Kapi tel fUr E. Pascals Repertorium der hdheren Mathematik. Nicht aufge nommen wurden auch die Buchbesprechungen von Hahn, bis auf seine Besprechung von Pringsheims Vorlesungen uber Zahlen- und Funktions lehre, die einen eigenen Aufsatz tiber die Grundlagen des Zahlbegriffs darstellt. Hahn war nicht nur einer der hervorragendsten Mathematiker dieses lahrhunderts: Sein EinfluB auf die Philosophie war auch hochst bedeut sam. Das kommt in der Einleitung, die sein ehemaliger Schiiler Sir Karl Popper fUr diese Gesamtausgabe geschrieben hat, deutlich zum Ausdruck. (Diese Einleitung ist der lctzte Essay, den Sir Karl Popper verfaBte. ) Hahn schrieb ausschlieBlich auf deutsch. Wir haben seine Arbeiten in Teilgebiete zusammengefaBt (was auch auf andere Art geschehen hatte konnen) und ihnenjeweils einen englischsprachigen Kommentar vorange stellt. Diese Kommentare, die von hervorragenden Experten stammen, be schreiben Hahns Arbeiten und ihre Wirkung."

The investigation of special topics in systems dynamics -uncertain dynamic processes, viability theory, nonlinear dynamics in models for biomathematics, inverse problems in control systems theory-has become a major issue at the System and Decision Sciences Research Program of the International Insti tute for Applied Systems Analysis. The above topics actually reflect two different perspectives in the investigation of dynamic processes. The first, motivated by control theory, is concerned with the properties of dynamic systems that are stable under vari ations in the systems' parameters. This allows us to specify classes of dynamic systems for which it is possible to construct and control a whole "tube" of trajectories assigned to a system with uncertain parameters and to resolve some inverse problems of control theory within numerically stable solution schemes. The second perspective is to investigate generic properties of dynamic systems that are due to nonlinearity (as bifurcations theory, chaotic behavior, stability properties, and related problems in the qualitative theory of differential systems). Special stress is given to the applications of non linear dynamic systems theory to biomathematics and ecoloey."

The history of the disciplines that led to the development of systems analysis is marked by a curious relationship between static and dynamic approaches. Although lhe imporlance of the dynamical element was recognized quile early on, lhe method chosen, more often than not, was a static equilibrium analysis. One reason for this obviously lies in the mathematical intricacies of non equilibrium situations. Although Poincare and various other classical authors pointed oul the amazing complexity of some mechanical problems, lhe general lrend, as reflected in the standard texlbooks, was lo ignore such "subtleties" and concenlrate on a handful of lraclable equations and localized slability analysis. Il is only in lhe lasl decade thal the importance and universal nature of complicated asymptotic behavior has become more widely recognized. This shift in perspective is due lo lhe development of new mathematical lechniques, lo the spread of computing facilities and, possibly, lo lhe growing recognition of the limits of lhe human ability to handle, predict and control complex situatIons."

How does cooperation emerge among selfish individuals? When do people share resources, punish those they consider unfair, and engage in joint enterprises? These questions fascinate philosophers, biologists, and economists alike, for the "invisible hand" that should turn selfish efforts into public benefit is not always at work. The Calculus of Selfishness looks at social dilemmas where cooperative motivations are subverted and self-interest becomes self-defeating. Karl Sigmund, a pioneer in evolutionary game theory, uses simple and well-known game theory models to examine the foundations of collective action and the effects of reciprocity and reputation. Focusing on some of the best-known social and economic experiments, including games such as the Prisoner's Dilemma, Trust, Ultimatum, Snowdrift, and Public Good, Sigmund explores the conditions leading to cooperative strategies. His approach is based on evolutionary game dynamics, applied to deterministic and probabilistic models of economic interactions. Exploring basic strategic interactions among individuals guided by self-interest and caught in social traps, The Calculus of Selfishness analyzes to what extent one key facet of human nature--selfishness--can lead to cooperation.

Life is often a matter of gambles, pay-offs, and trade-offs, just like a game. This book takes readers on a tour through the games and computer simulations that are actually helping to advance knowledge in such fields as ecology, evolution, and animal behavior. Although the book deals with questions of vital importance, like sex and survival, it does so in the lively, entertaining spirit of game-playing. It starts with artificial life and self-replicating automata, a topic ideally suited for a computer-games approach. The book goes on to study pursuit games between predators and prey, and chaotic motion and its role in ecology. Games of chance and statistical paradoxes illuminate the randomness in molecular evolution, while some bizarre double games played by chromosomes help explain the laws of population genetics. Other topics include courtship, ownership, partnership, and brinksmanship--illustrated through the game of poker and computer tournaments. No other book explains so well why scientific observations and insights can be structured as the rules of a survival game, and what happens when they are assembled on a computer or in the mind and allowed to run their course. General readers as well as professionals and students in ecological, evolutionary, and behavioral studies will find this a fascinating and informative work.

Every form of behavior is shaped by trial and error. Such stepwise adaptation can occur through individual learning or through natural selection, the basis of evolution. Since the work of Maynard Smith and others, it has been realized how game theory can model this process. Evolutionary game theory replaces the static solutions of classical game theory by a dynamical approach centered not on the concept of rational players but on the population dynamics of behavioral programs. In this book the authors investigate the nonlinear dynamics of the self-regulation of social and economic behavior, and of the closely related interactions among species in ecological communities. Replicator equations describe how successful strategies spread and thereby create new conditions that can alter the basis of their success, i.e., to enable us to understand the strategic and genetic foundations of the endless chronicle of invasions and extinctions that punctuate evolution. In short, evolutionary game theory describes when to escalate a conflict, how to elicit cooperation, why to expect a balance of the sexes, and how to understand natural selection in mathematical terms.

Die von Karl Menger und seinen Mitarbeitern (darunter Kurt GAdel) herausgegebenen "Ergebnisse eines Mathematischen Kolloquiums" zAhlen zu den wichtigsten Quellenwerken der Wissenschafts- und Geistesgeschichte der Zwischenkriegszeit, mit bahnbrechenden BeitrAgen von Menger, GAdel, Tarski, Wald, John von Neumann und vielen anderen. In diesem Band liegt der Inhalt erstmals gesammelt vor. Der NobelpreistrAger Gerard Debreu schrieb die Einleitung, die Kommentare wurden vom Logiker und GAdel-Biographen John Dawson jr., dem Topologen Ryszard Engelking und dem Wirtschaftstheoretiker Werner Hildenbrand verfasst. AuAerdem enthAlt der Band einen biographischen Aufsatz A1/4ber Karl Menger sowie einen von Menger verfassten Aoeberblick A1/4ber die wichtigsten topologischen und geometrischen Arbeiten des Kolloquiums.

How does cooperation emerge among selfish individuals? When do people share resources, punish those they consider unfair, and engage in joint enterprises? These questions fascinate philosophers, biologists, and economists alike, for the "invisible hand" that should turn selfish efforts into public benefit is not always at work. "The Calculus of Selfishness" looks at social dilemmas where cooperative motivations are subverted and self-interest becomes self-defeating. Karl Sigmund, a pioneer in evolutionary game theory, uses simple and well-known game theory models to examine the foundations of collective action and the effects of reciprocity and reputation.

Focusing on some of the best-known social and economic experiments, including games such as the Prisoner's Dilemma, Trust, Ultimatum, Snowdrift, and Public Good, Sigmund explores the conditions leading to cooperative strategies. His approach is based on evolutionary game dynamics, applied to deterministic and probabilistic models of economic interactions.

Exploring basic strategic interactions among individuals guided by self-interest and caught in social traps, "The Calculus of Selfishness" analyzes to what extent one key facet of human nature--selfishness--can lead to cooperation.

Karl Menger, one of the founders of dimension theory, is among the most original mathematicians and thinkers of the twentieth century. He was a member of the Vienna Circle and the founder of its mathematical equivalent, the Viennese Mathematical Colloquium. Both during his early years in Vienna and, after his emigration, in the United States, Karl Menger made significant contributions to a wide variety of mathematical fields, and greatly influenced many of his colleagues. These two volumes contain Menger's major mathematical papers, based on his own selection from his extensive writings. They deal with topics as diverse as topology, geometry, analysis and algebra, and also include material on economics, sociology, logic and philosophy. The Selecta Mathematica is a monument to the diversity and originality of Menger's ideas.

Like Descartes and Pascal, Hans Hahn (1879-1934) was both an eminent mathematician and a highly influential philosopher. He founded the Vienna Circle and was the teacher of both Kurt Goedel and Karl Popper. His seminal contributions to functional analysis and general topology had a huge impact on the development of modern analysis. Hahn's passionate interest in the foundations of mathematics, vividly described in Sir Karl Popper's foreword (which became his last essay), had a decisive influence upon Goedel. Like Freud, Musil and Schoenberg, Hahn became a pivotal figure in the feverish intellectual climate of Vienna between the two wars. Volume 1: The first volume of Hahn's Collected Works contains his path-breaking contributions to functional analysis, the theory of curves, and ordered groups. These papers are commented on by Harro Heuser, Hans Sagan, and Laszlo Fuchs. Volume 2: The second volume deals with functional analysis, real analysis and hydrodynamics. The commentaries are written by Wilhelm Frank, Davis Preiss, and Alfred Kluwick. Volume 3: In the third volume, Hahn's writings on harmonic analysis, measure and integration, complex analysis and philosophy are collected and commented on by Jean-Pierre Kahane, Heinz Bauer, Ludger Kaup, and Christian Thiel. This volume also contains excerpts of Hahn's letters and accounts by his students and colleagues.

Like Descartes and Pascal, Hans Hahn (1879-1934) was both an eminent mathematician and a highly influential philosopher. He founded the Vienna Circle and was the teacher of both Kurt Goedel and Karl Popper. His seminal contributions to functional analysis and general topology had a huge impact on the development of modern analysis. Hahn's passionate interest in the foundations of mathematics, vividly described in Sir Karl Popper's foreword (which became his last essay), had a decisive influence upon Goedel. Like Freud, Musil and Schoenberg, Hahn became a pivotal figure in the feverish intellectual climate of Vienna between the two wars. Volume 1: The first volume of Hahn's Collected Works contains his path-breaking contributions to functional analysis, the theory of curves, and ordered groups. These papers are commented on by Harro Heuser, Hans Sagan, and Laszlo Fuchs. Volume 2: The second volume deals with functional analysis, real analysis and hydrodynamics. The commentaries are written by Wilhelm Frank, Davis Preiss, and Alfred Kluwick. Volume 3: In the third volume, Hahn's writings on harmonic analysis, measure and integration, complex analysis and philosophy are collected and commented on by Jean-Pierre Kahane, Heinz Bauer, Ludger Kaup, and Christian Thiel. This volume also contains excerpts of Hahn's letters and accounts by his students and colleagues.

Like Descartes and Pascal, Hans Hahn (1879-1934) was both an eminent mathematician and a highly influential philosopher. He founded the Vienna Circle and was the teacher of both Kurt Goedel and Karl Popper. His seminal contributions to functional analysis and general topology had a huge impact on the development of modern analysis. Hahn's passionate interest in the foundations of mathematics, vividly described in Sir Karl Popper's foreword (which became his last essay), had a decisive influence upon Goedel. Like Freud, Musil and Schoenberg, Hahn became a pivotal figure in the feverish intellectual climate of Vienna between the two wars. Volume 1: The first volume of Hahn's Collected Works contains his path-breaking contributions to functional analysis, the theory of curves, and ordered groups. These papers are commented on by Harro Heuser, Hans Sagan, and Laszlo Fuchs. Volume 2: The second volume deals with functional analysis, real analysis and hydrodynamics. The commentaries are written by Wilhelm Frank, Davis Preiss, and Alfred Kluwick. Volume 3: In the third volume, Hahn's writings on harmonic analysis, measure and integration, complex analysis and philosophy are collected and commented on by Jean-Pierre Kahane, Heinz Bauer, Ludger Kaup, and Christian Thiel. This volume also contains excerpts of Hahn's letters and accounts by his students and colleagues.

Inspired by Albert Einstein's theory of relativity and Bertrand Russell and David Hilbert's pursuit of the fundamental rules of mathematics, some of the most brilliant minds of the generation came together in post-World War I Vienna to present the latest theories in mathematics, science, and philosophy and to build a strong foundation for scientific investigation. Composed of such luminaries as Kurt Goedel and Rudolf Carnap, and stimulated by the works of Ludwig Wittgenstein and Karl Popper, the Vienna Circle left an indelible mark on science. Exact Thinking in Demented Times tells the often outrageous, sometimes tragic, and never boring stories of the men who transformed scientific thought. A revealing work of history, this landmark book pays tribute to those who dared to reinvent knowledge from the ground up.