The current wave of science education reforms emphasizes more equitable opportunities for students as they learn disciplinary core ideas and apply crosscutting concepts by engaging in the practices of scientists. Formative assessment—the assessment teachers and students conduct while learning is in progress—also needs to shift to support this vision. This book combines three-dimensional science learning, sociocultural theories of learning, and science for justice and equity to provide a comprehensive picture of formative assessment for today's K–12 science classroom. Using practical examples and strategies, the author provides guidance for classroom teachers around formative assessment task design that centers students' interests and builds on the resources they bring to school. The text explores the different enactment approaches teachers can use to prioritize and respond to students' ideas as they are learning. It also offers approaches to, and resources for, professional learning that support teachers as they engage in formative assessment for ambitious science instruction. Book Features: Provides a framework for designing and enacting 3D science assessments that support both rigorous and equitable instruction. Advocates for formative assessment that evaluates the practices of scientific inquiry, as opposed to measuring the memorization of science content. Includes assessment tasks, samples from classroom practice, and transcriptions of classroom conversations with students. Offers guidance for providing students with helpful feedback to advance their learning, as well as suggestions for collaborating with colleagues. Shows how formative assessment can be enacted across classrooms to create opportunities to coordinate practice at a larger scale.

In recent decades testing has become a much more visible and high-stakes accountability mechanism that is now seen as a powerful tool that can be used to drive school improvement. The purpose of this book is to identify and analyze the key issues associated with test-based educational accountability and to chart the future of educational accountability research. Chapter contributions are intended to be forward looking rather than a compendium of what has happened in the past. The book provides an accessible discussion of issues such as validity, test equating, growth modeling, fairness for special populations, causal inferences, and misuses of accountability data.

In recent decades testing has become a much more visible and high-stakes accountability mechanism that is now seen as a powerful tool that can be used to drive school improvement. The purpose of this book is to identify and analyze the key issues associated with test-based educational accountability and to chart the future of educational accountability research. Chapter contributions are intended to be forward looking rather than a compendium of what has happened in the past. The book provides an accessible discussion of issues such as validity, test equating, growth modeling, fairness for special populations, causal inferences, and misuses of accountability data.

"This book is highly recommended for all involved in test development or who have any interest in the use of tests in education or in other fields. The necessary mathematics are presented clearly but never obscure the important messages in the book. It will certainly be referred to constantly in my future work in this area." --Educational Research "The fundamental goal of the Measurement Methods for the Social Sciences series is to make complex measurement concepts, topics, and methods available to readers with limited mathematical background but a strong desire to understand, as well as use, methods that are on the forefront of social science assessment. With this book on item bias detection methods, Gregory Camilli and Lorrie Shepard have achieved this goal admirably." --from the Foreword by Richard M. Jaeger What can item bias methods do--and not do--when applied to real test data? Aimed at helping researchers understand how item bias methods work, this book provides practical advice and specific details on the most useful methods for particular testing situations. Beginning with a review of early bias methods and the fairness issues associated with the topic of test bias, the authors explain the logic of each method in terms of how differential item functioning (DIF) is defined by the method--and how well the method can be expected to work in various situations. In addition, chapters include a summary of findings regarding the behavior of the various indexes in empirical studies, especially their reliability, correlation with known bias criteria, and correlations with other bias methods. The book concludes with a set of principles for deciding when DIF should be interpreted as evidence of bias.