In response to ETA's 1997 kidnappings and murders thousands of Spaniards attended mass demonstrations to express their contempt for violence as a means of political pressure. The demand that public authorities prosecute and condemn those who directly or indirectly support ETA and its terrorist attacks was one of the most prevalent slogans in the marches. Indeed, the social response was aimed not only against the terrorist group, but also against Herri Batasuna (HB), the political party that openly endorse ETA's armed actions in the Basque Country. From the legal point of view, it is interesting to examine what it is citizens are requesting from the government in the above-mentioned case. How do these collective claims translate into legal language? One may think it fit to answer that Spanish citizens want violence to be met with the institutional punishment prescribed by the legal order. Nonetheless, it could also be argued that citizens in fact demand that certain kinds of behaviour be regulated by the law in their country. While from the latter viewpoint citizens wish for the creation of new legal norms, from the former they are just calling for the application of the law. What reasons may render us inclined to sympathise with one of these two views rather than the other? Which one of these two options is most appropriate? At first sight, this may appear to be a simple question.

This book deals with combinatorial aspects of epistasis, a notion that existed for years in genetics and appeared in the ?eld of evolutionary algorithms in the early 1990s. Even thoughthe?rst chapterputsepistasisintheperspective ofevolutionary algorithms and arti?cial intelligence, and applications occasionally pop up in other chapters, thisbookisessentiallyaboutmathematics, aboutcombinatorialtechniques to compute in an e?cient and mathematically elegant way what will be de?ned as normalized epistasis. Some of the material in this book ?nds its origin in the PhD theses of Hugo Van Hove [97] and Dominique Suys [95]. The sixth chapter also contains material that appeared in the dissertation of Luk Schoofs [84]. Together with that of M. Teresa Iglesias [36], these dissertations form the backbone of a decade of mathematical ventures in the world of epistasis. The authors wish to acknowledge support from the Flemish Fund of Scienti?c - search (FWO-Vlaanderen) and of the Xunta de Galicia. They also wish to explicitly mentiontheintellectualandmoralsupporttheyreceivedthroughoutthepreparation of this work from their family and their colleagues Emilio Villanueva, Jose Mar'a Barja and Arnold Beckelheimer, as well as our local T T Xpert Jan Adriaenssens.

Nonprofit organizations form a substantial part of the economy in all countries. Management of nonprofit organizations is characterized by a number of distinctive aspects in relation to human resources, communications, and strategic planning and the inappropriateness of using profitability as the indicator of success. In recent years there has been emphasis upon developing a consistent mission and set of values. This book focuses upon the challenges facing nonprofit organizations, particularly with regard to collaboration, trust and innovation.

This book deals with combinatorial aspects of epistasis, a notion that existed for years in genetics and appeared in the ?eld of evolutionary algorithms in the early 1990s. Even thoughthe?rst chapterputsepistasisintheperspective ofevolutionary algorithms and arti?cial intelligence, and applications occasionally pop up in other chapters, thisbookisessentiallyaboutmathematics, aboutcombinatorialtechniques to compute in an e?cient and mathematically elegant way what will be de?ned as normalized epistasis. Some of the material in this book ?nds its origin in the PhD theses of Hugo Van Hove [97] and Dominique Suys [95]. The sixth chapter also contains material that appeared in the dissertation of Luk Schoofs [84]. Together with that of M. Teresa Iglesias [36], these dissertations form the backbone of a decade of mathematical ventures in the world of epistasis. The authors wish to acknowledge support from the Flemish Fund of Scienti?c - search (FWO-Vlaanderen) and of the Xunta de Galicia. They also wish to explicitly mentiontheintellectualandmoralsupporttheyreceivedthroughoutthepreparation of this work from their family and their colleagues Emilio Villanueva, Jose Mar'a Barja and Arnold Beckelheimer, as well as our local T T Xpert Jan Adriaenssens.

In response to ETA's 1997 kidnappings and murders thousands of Spaniards attended mass demonstrations to express their contempt for violence as a means of political pressure. The demand that public authorities prosecute and condemn those who directly or indirectly support ETA and its terrorist attacks was one of the most prevalent slogans in the marches. Indeed, the social response was aimed not only against the terrorist group, but also against Herri Batasuna (HB), the political party that openly endorse ETA's armed actions in the Basque Country. From the legal point of view, it is interesting to examine what it is citizens are requesting from the government in the above-mentioned case. How do these collective claims translate into legal language? One may think it fit to answer that Spanish citizens want violence to be met with the institutional punishment prescribed by the legal order. Nonetheless, it could also be argued that citizens in fact demand that certain kinds of behaviour be regulated by the law in their country. While from the latter viewpoint citizens wish for the creation of new legal norms, from the former they are just calling for the application of the law. What reasons may render us inclined to sympathise with one of these two views rather than the other? Which one of these two options is most appropriate? At first sight, this may appear to be a simple question.

Management of nonprofit organizations is characterized by several distinctive aspects in relation to human resources, communications, strategic planning and the fallacy of using profitability as an indicator of success. This book examines the challenges facing nonprofit organizations, particularly with regard to collaboration, trust and innovation.