In this book the first three chapters outline the chemistry of nickel and heme largely associated with anaerobic life and believed to represent reactions which took place some 3-4x109years ago. Nickel has disappeared from the chemistry of man. The fascinating detail of the "primitive" catalysts is of interest to industrial society since very simple feed-stock is used, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and sulphate for example. The fourth chapter switches attention to a metal which became valuable later in evolution, copper, and which is involved with the use of dioxygen. It also has extremely interesting catalytic sites in enzymes. The essence of the volume lies in an appreciation of metallo- enzymes and their changing roles as the environment changed.

Dengue is a major public health concern throughout the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. It is the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease, with a 30-fold increase in global incidence over the past 50 years. Infection with any of the Dengue virus serotypes can be asymptomatic, cause the classic dengue fever, or evolve to severe disease, which leads to hypovolemic shock and death if untreated. There is no approved specific treatment, prognostic markers, or vaccines for dengue, in part because there is insufficient knowledge of dengue pathogenesis. In this e-book, we will focus on what we believe to be a true challenge in dengue research: to understand host-pathogen interactions. Disease development results from the interaction between host and viral factors, in which the host immune response is critical. Recent advances in dengue experimental models together with clinical data have provided useful information indicating that severe dengue hallmarks (excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, endothelial activation, and plasma leakage) are immune-mediated events. We hope to present readers with a comprehensive description of the immune response to the Dengue virus, detailing how DENV unbalances host homeostasis.

Throughout recent decades, higher education has played a steadily greater role in national development, contributing towards heightened competitiveness and turning knowledge into a factor of differentiation in both socio-economic and market contexts. This book explores the state of crisis in the global higher education realm and includes topics such as the demand and supply of higher education which is impacting unemployment; the practice of institutional integration; training teachers for vocational and technical education and the fragmentation of nursing education.