Enhance your care with the standardized measurement of nursing interventions! Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC), 7th Edition standardizes the terminology and criteria needed to measure and evaluate outcomes in all care settings and with all patient populations. A total of 612 research-based nursing outcome labels - including 82 that are NEW to this edition - provide clinically useful language to help you deliver treatment and document outcomes. Specific indicators are included to make it easier to evaluate and rate the patient in relation to outcome achievement. Written by an expert team of authors led by Sue Moorhead, this book is also ideal for healthcare administrators seeking to improve billing, recordkeeping, and cost containment. 612 research-based nursing outcome labels provide standardized terminology for individual, family, or community outcomes. Overview of the use of NOC within the nursing process introduces the importance of measuring outcomes of nursing care, and describes linkages with other classifications. Outcomes structured with a label name include code, definition, set of indicators with codes, five-point Likert measurement scales, publication facts lines, and selected references. Core outcomes are provided for an expanded list of nursing specialties. Linkages between NOC knowledge-focused outcomes and NOC behavioral outcomes focused on the concept or condition are examined. NEW! 82 new outcomes are added to the Classification, allowing you to better define patient outcomes that are responsive to nursing care. NEW! 402 existing outcomes are reviewed or revised based on research-based outcomes. NEW! A new section focused on resources supports research, implementation, and educational strategies. NEW! Revised taxonomic structure includes two new classes and expanded family and community outcomes.

Based on ongoing research conducted by investigative teams at the University of Iowa, NOC and NIC Linkages to NANDA-I and Clinical Conditions: Supporting Critical Thinking and Quality Care, 3rd Edition is the only book on the market that provides linkages between the three standardized languages recognized by the American Nurses Organization (NOC, NIC, and all of the 2009-2010 NANDA-I approved nursing diagnoses). Its user-friendly, tabular format and real-world case studies make it the perfect tool to help you develop effective care plans for your patients. This edition features a new chapter on clinical decision making, a new chapter on the use of NNN in information systems, more concise intervention listings that identify major and suggested interventions, and approximately 20 new linkages to common, high-cost medical diagnoses. Linkages between the three standardized languages recognized by the American Nurses Organization: NANDA-I, Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), and Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) help you select the most effective care plans for patients and allow institutions to track and quantify nursing care. Tabular format allows you to quickly retrieve information. Case studies with nursing care plans demonstrate the practical, real-life application of linkages. Definitions of all NANDA-I, NOC, and NIC labels provide comprehensive coverage of the standardized languages. Serves as an excellent companion to Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC), 4th Edition and Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), 5th Edition. NEW! Added linkages to common medical diagnoses help support clinical reasoning, improve quality, and build the evidence needed to enhance nursing care. - Includes 15-20 high-frequency, high-cost medical diagnoses that are commonly experienced by patients across the life span. - Examples include Congestive Heart Failure, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Total Joint Replacement, and Asthma. NEW! Treatment of Intervention content makes information easier to locate by listing interventions as Major Interventions and Suggested Interventions. Two NEW chapters discuss the use of linkages for clinical reasoning and quality improvement and the use of NNN in computerized information systems. NEW! Information associated with the risk for nursing diagnosis is contained on a single page for quick and easy reference.

This study examines the role of cowrie-shell money in West African trade, particularly the slave trade. The shells were carried from the Maldives to the Mediterranean by Arab traders for further transport across the Sahara, and to Europe by competing Portuguese, Dutch, English and French traders for onward transport to the West African coast. In Africa they served to purchase the slaves exported to the New World, as well as other less sinister exports. Over a large part of West Africa they became the regular market currency, but were severely devalued by the importation of thousands of tons of the cheaper Zanzibar cowries. Colonial governments disliked cowries because of the inflation and encouraged their replacement by low-value coins. They disappeared almost totally, to re-appear during the depression of the 1930s, and have been found occasionally in the markets of remote frontier districts, avoiding exchange and currency control problems.

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