The field of bioinformatics and computational biology arose due to the need to apply techniques from computer science, statistics, informatics, and applied mathematics to solve biological problems. Scientists have been trying to study biology at a molecular level using techniques derived from biochemistry, biophysics, and genetics. Progress has greatly accelerated with the discovery of fast and inexpensive automated DNA sequencing techniques.
As the genomes of more and more organisms are sequenced and assembled, scientists are discovering many useful facts by tracing the evolution of organisms by measuring changes in their DNA, rather than through physical characteristics alone. This has led to rapid growth in the related fields of phylogenetics, the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms, and comparative genomics, the study of the correspondence between genes and other genomic features in different organisms. Comparing the genomes of organisms has allowed researchers to better understand the features and functions of DNA in individual organisms, as well as provide insights into how organisms evolve over time.
The first four chapters of this book focus on algorithms for comparing the genomes of different organisms. Possible concrete applications include identifying the basis for genetic diseases and tracking the development and spread of different forms of Avian flu. As researchers begin to better understand the function of DNA, attention has begun shifting towards the actual proteins produced by DNA. The final two chapters explore proteomic techniques for analyzing proteins directly to identify their presence and understand their physical structure.
- Written by active PhD researchers in computational biology and bioinformatics

The series covers new developments in computer technology. Most chapters present an overview of a current subfield within computer science, with many citations and often include new developments in the field by the authors of the individual chapters. Topics include hardware, software, theoretical underpinnings of computing, and novel applications of computers. This current volume emphasizes the role of the internet, the world wide web and other aspects of a distributed computing environment. Open source development as well as computing for the handicapped are additional important topics.

Key Features:

- In-depth surveys and tutorials on new computer technology.
- Well-known authors are researchers in the field.
- Extensive bibliographies with most chapters.
- Important chapters on new technologies for software development: open source development and the technology needed to use the web for electronic commerce.
* In-depth surveys and tutorials on new computer technology.
* Well-known authors are researchers in the field.
* Extensive bibliographies with most chapters.
* Important chapters on new technologies for software development: open source development and the technology needed to use the web for electronic commerce.

The term computation gap has been defined as the difference between the computational power demanded by the application domain and the computational power of the underlying computer platform. Traditionally, closing the computation gap has been one of the major and fundamental tasks of computer architects. However, as technology advances and computers become more pervasive in the society, the domain of computer architecture has been extended. The scope of research in the computer architecture is no longer restricted to the computer hardware and organization issues. A wide spectrum of topics ranging from algorithm design to power management is becoming part of the computer architecture. Based on the aforementioned trend and to reflect recent research efforts, attempts were made to select a collection of articles that covers different aspects of contemporary computer architecture design. This volume of the Advances in Computers contains six chapters on different aspects of computer architecture.
Key features:
- Wide range of research topics.
- Coverage of new topics such as power management, Network on Chip, Load balancing in distributed systems, and pervasive computing.
- Simple writing style.
- Wide range of research topics.
- Coverage of new topics such as power management, Network on Chip, Load balancing in distributed systems, and pervasive computing.
- Simple writing style

The series covers new developments in computer technology. Most chapters present an overview of a current subfield within computer science, with many citations, and often include new developments in the field by the authors of the individual chapters. Topics include hardware, software, theoretical underpinnings of computing, and novel applications of computers. This current volume emphasizes software engineering issues in the design of new software systems. The use of the new emerging agile methods is presented as well as timeboxing and model based software engineering (MBASE) as techniques to manage large scale developments.
The book series is a valuable addition to university courses that emphasize the topics under discussion in that particular volume as well as belonging on the bookshelf of industrial practitioners who need to implement many of the technologies that are described.
-In-depth surveys and tutorials on new computer technology
-Well-known authors and researchers in the field
-Extensive bibliographies with most chapters
-Important chapters on new technologies for software development: agile methods, time boxing, MBASE

The series covers new developments in computer technology. Most chapters present an overview of a current subfield within computer science, with many citations, and often include new developments in the field by the authors of the individual chapters. Topics include hardware, software, theoretical underpinnings of computing, and novel applications of computers. This current volume emphasizes architectural issues in the design of new hardware and software system. An architectural design evaluation process is described that allows developers to make sure that their source programs adhere to the architectural design of the specifications. This greatly aids in the maintenance of the system. Telecommunications issues are covered from the impact of new technology to security of wireless systems. Quantum computing, an exciting development that may greatly increase the speed of present computers, is described.
The book series is a valuable addition to university courses that emphasize the topics under discussion in that particular volume as well as belonging on the bookshelf of industrial practitioners who need to implement many of the technologies that are described.
-In-depth surveys and tutorials on new computer technology
-Well-known authors and researchers in the field
-Extensive bibliographies with most chapters
-All chapters discuss aspects of architectural design of new hardware and software
-Quantum computing is an exciting new prospect for future machine design

The series covers new developments in computer technology. Most chapters present an overview of a current subfield within computers, with many citations, and often include new developments in the field by the authors of the individual chapters. Topics include hardware, software, theoretical underpinnings of computing, and novel applications of computers. This current volume emphasizes information security issues and includes topics like certifying computer professionals, non-invasive attacks ("cognitive hacking"), computer files as legal evidence ("computer forensics") and the use of processors on plastic ("smartcards").
The book series is a valuable addition to university courses that emphasize the topics under discussion in that particular volume as well as belonging on the bookshelf of industrial practitioners who need to implement many of the technologies that are described.
-In-depth surveys and tutorials on new computer technology
-Well-known authors and researchers in the field
-Extensive bibliographies with most chapters
-Five out of seven chapters focus on security issues
-Discussion of computer forensics, professional certification and smart cards
-A chapter on how DNA sequencing is accomplished is important in the growing bioinformatics field.

Since 1960, Advances in Computers has chronicled the constantly shifting theories and methods of Information Technology which greatly shapes our lives today. "Highly Dependable Software" is the 58th volume in this Series. The seven chapters describe various approaches towards dependability: software development measurability, transformation oriented programming, Bounded Model Checking, GUI testing, history and lessons from software inspections, impact and problems related to errors in software, the evolution of the various security policies. This book would be an invaluable addition to any university course in computer technology, and an excellent reference tool for industrial practitioners.
* Includes in-depth surveys and tutorials on advances in Computer Technology.* Features the work of well-known authors and researchers in the field.* Provides a broad overview of important developments.* Contains extensive bibliographies.

Advances in Computers remains at the forefront in presenting the new developments in the ever-changing field of information technology. Since 1960, Advances in Computers has chronicled the constantly shifting theories and methods of this technology that greatly shape our lives today.
Volume 56 presents eight chapters that describe how the software, hardware and applications of computers are changing the use of computers during the early part of the 21st century:
.Software Evolution and the Staged Model of the Software Lifecycle
.Embedded Software
.Empirical Studies of Quality Models in Object-Oriented Systems
.Software Fault Prevention by Language Choice
.Quantum computing and communication
.Exception Handling
.Breaking the Robustness Barrier: Recent Progress on the Design of Robust Multimodal Systems
.Using Data Mining to Discover the Preferences of Computer Criminals
As the longest-running continuous serial on computers, Advances in Computers presents technologies that will affect the industry in the years to come, covering hot topics from fundamentals to applications. Additionally, readers benefit from contributions of both academic and industry professionals of the highest caliber.
Volume 56 presents eight chapters that describe how the software, hardware and applications of computers are changing the use of computers during the early part of the 21st century:
.Software Evolution and the Staged Model of the Software Lifecycle
.Embedded Software
.Empirical Studies of Quality Models in Object-Oriented Systems
.Software Fault Prevention by Language Choice
.Quantum computing and communication
.Exception Handling
.Breaking the Robustness Barrier: Recent Progress on the Design of Robust Multimodal Systems
.Using Data Mining to Discover the Preferences of Computer Criminals"

The series covers new developments in computer technology. Most chapters present an overview of a current subfield within computers, with many citations, and often include new developments in the field by the authors of the individual chapters. Topics include hardware, software, theoretical underpinnings of computing, and novel applications of computers. This current volume includes six chapters on hardware development in the educational market, intelligent search strategies, domain specific languages and trustworthiness and risks in computer technology.
The book series is a valuable addition to university courses that emphasize the topics under discussion in that particular volume as well as belonging on the bookshelf of industrial practitioners who need to implement many of the technologies that are described.
- Trustworthiness and risks in computer technology
- K-12 educational use of inexpensive handheld devices
- Domain specific languages

Volume 54 presents six chapters on the changing face of software engineering-the process by which we build reliable software systems. We are constantly building faster and less expensive processors, which allow us to use different processes to try and conquer the "bug" problem facing all developments-how to build reliable systems with few errors at low or at least manageable cost. The first three chapters of this volume emphasize components and the impact that object-oriented design is having on the program development process (a current "hot topic"). The final three chapters present additional aspects of the software development process, including maintenance, purchasing strategies, and secure outsourcing of scientific computations.

The series covers new developments in computer technology. Most chapters present an overview of a current subfield within computers, with many citations, and often include new developments in the field by the authors of the individual chapters. Topics include hardware, software, theoretical underpinnings of computing, and novel applications of computers. This current volume includes six chapters on nanotechnology emphasizing its use in biological applications.
The book series is a valuable addition to university courses that emphasize the topics under discussion in that particular volume as well as belonging on the bookshelf of industrial practitioners who need to implement many of the technologies that are described.
- Nanotechnology in biology
- Development of miniature computing devices
- Social and legal implications of nanotechnology

The series covers new developments in computer technology. Most chapters present an overview of a current subfield within computers, with many citations, and often include new developments in the field by the authors of the individual chapters. Topics include hardware, software, theoretical underpinnings of computing, and novel applications of computers. This current volume emphasizes architectural advances and includes five chapters on hardware development, games for mobile devices such as cell phones, and open source software development.

The book series is a valuable addition to university courses that emphasize the topics under discussion in that particular volume as well as belonging on the bookshelf of industrial practitioners who need to implement many of the technologies that are described.

- Current information on power requirements for new processors
- Development of games for devices with limited screen sizes (e.g. cellular telephones)
- Open source software development
- Multicore processors

Humans are often distinguished from other animals by their ability, even need, to see patterns in everyday life. As we enter a new millennium, all aspects of society seem to want to take stock of what has happened in the past and what is likely to happen in the future.
The computer industry is no different from others. Advances in Computers has been published continuously since 1960 and this year's volume is the fiftieth technical volume in the series (two index volumes were published as volumes 50 and 51). Since it is the fortieth year of publication, we decided to look back on the changes that have occurred since Volume 1 of Advances in computers appeared in 1960.
We looked at the six chapters of that initial volume and decided that an appropriate anniversary volume for this series would be a collection of papers on the same topics that appeared in 1960. What has happened to those technologies? Are we making the progress we thought we would or are events moving more slowly?
Key Features
* Business computing
* Numerical weather prediction
* Spoken language
* Language understanding
* Microprocessor design
* Computer games

As we approach the 21st century, the Advances in Computers serial remains the oldes continuously published anthology chronicling the evolution of the information technology field. Since 1960, this series has described the ever-changing nature of computing. In this volume, we will emphasize the major themes that have dominated computing in these latter days of the 1990s. Of course we mean the distributed nature of information technology.
The growth of networking, the Internet and the World Wide Web have greatly changed the role of the computer, and in turn, our lives as well. Starting as a computer science research topic in 1969, the ARPANET, funded by the U.S. government's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), tied together university, research, and military computing centers. By the mid-1980s the ARPANET evolved into the Internet under funding by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). The computer experimenter, the so-called "computer geek," discovered the Internet and joined the fun. By the early 1990s, the World Wide Web (WWW) grew as a subnet of the Internet, and email and Web browsing became available to all. Today millions of "computer illiterate" individuals daily use these resources to send mail and search for online information. No longer is the Internet the domain of the serious computer researcher. In this volume we will describe some of the changes the Internet has brought us.

As we approach the 21st century, the Advances in Computers serial remains the oldes continuously published anthology chronicling the evolution of the information technology field. Since 1960, this series has described the ever-changing nature of computing. In this volume, we will emphasize the major themes that have dominated computing in these latter days of the 1990s. Of course we mean the distributed nature of information technology.
The growth of networking, the Internet and the World Wide Web have greatly changed the role of the computer, and in turn, our lives as well. Starting as a computer science research topic in 1969, the ARPANET, funded by the U.S. government's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), tied together university, research, and military computing centers. By the mid-1980s the ARPANET evolved into the Internet under funding by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). The computer experimenter, the so-called "computer geek," discovered the Internet and joined the fun. By the early 1990s, the World Wide Web (WWW) grew as a subnet of the Internet, and email and Web browsing became available to all. Today millions of "computer illiterate" individuals daily use these resources to send mail and search for online information. No longer is the Internet the domain of the serious computer researcher. In this volume we will describe some of the changes the Internet has brought us.

Since its first volume in 1960, Advances in Computers has presented detailed coverage of innovations in hardware and software and in computer theory, design, and applications. It has also provided contributors with a medium in which they can examine their subjects in greater depth and breadth than that allowed by standard journal articles. As a result, many articles have become standard references that continue to be of significant, lasting value despite the rapid growth taking place in the field.

Since its first volume in 1960, Advances in Computers has presented detailed coverage of innovations in hardware and software and in computer theory, design, and applications. It has also provided contributors with a medium in which they can examine their subjects in greater depth and breadth than that allowed by standard journal articles. As a result, many articles have become standard references that continue to be of significant, lasting value despite the rapid growth taking place in the field.
This volume is organized around engineering large scale software systems. It discusses which technologies are useful for building these systems, which are useful to incorporate in these systems, and which are useful to evaluate these systems.

This volume of Advances in Computers presents seven articles that can be grouped into two general themes that represent the mainstream activities in the computer industry today-the development of effective software and development of complex networks needed to execute this software. the first three articles are in the realm of software engineering and describe various techniques needed to produce better software. the following four articles are concerned with telecommunication and networking issues.

Since its first volume in 1960, Advances in Computers has presented detailed coverage of innovations in hardware and software and in computer theory, design, and applications. It has also provided contributorswith a medium in which they can examine their subjects in greater depth and breadth than that allowed by standard journal articles. As a result, many articles have become standard references that continue to be of significant, lasting value despite the rapid growth taking place in the field.

Since its first volume in 1960, Advances in Computers has presented detailed coverage of innovations in computer hardware, software, theory, design, and applications. It has also provided contributors with a medium in which they can explore their subjects in greater depth and breadth than journal articles usually allow. As a result, many articles have become standard references that continue to be of significant, lasting value in this rapidly expanding field.

Praise for the Series
"Mandatory for academic libraries supporting computer science departments."
-CHOICE
Since its first volume in 1960, Advances in Computers has presented detailed coverage of innovations in computer hardware, software, theory, design, and applications. It has also provided contributors with a medium in which they can explore their subjects in greater depth and breadth than journal articles usually allow. As a result, many articles have become standard references that continue to be of sugnificant, lasting value in this rapidly expanding field.

This is volume 79 of Advances in Computers. This series, which began publication in 1960, is the oldest continuously published anthology that chronicles the ever- changing information technology field. In these volumes we publish from 5 to 7 chapters, three times per year, that cover the latest changes to the design, development, use and implications of computer technology on society today.
Covers the full breadth of innovations in hardware, software, theory, design, and applications.
Many of the in-depth reviews have become standard references that continue to be of significant, lasting value in this rapidly expanding field.

This is volume 74 of "Advances in Computers," subtitled Recent advances in software development. This series, which began in 1960, is the oldest continuously published series of books that has chronicled the ever- changing landscape of information technology. Each year three volumes are published, each presenting five to seven chapters describing the latest technology in the use of computers today. In this current volume, we present six chapters that give an update on some of the major issues affecting the development of software today.
The six chapters in this volume can be divided into two general categories. The first three deal with the increasing importance of security in the software we write and provide insights into how to increase that security. The three latter chapters look at software development as a whole and provide guidelines in how best to make certain decisions on a project-level basis.
The book series is a valuable addition to university courses that emphasize the topics under discussion in that particular volume as well as belonging on the bookshelf of industrial practitioners who need to implement many of the technologies that are described."

This is volume 78 of Advances in Computers. This series, which began publication in 1960, is the oldest continuously published anthology that chronicles the ever- changing information technology field. In these volumes we publish from 5 to 7 chapters, three times per year, that cover the latest changes to the design, development, use and implications of computer technology on society today.
Covers the full breadth of innovations in hardware, software, theory, design, and applications.
Many of the in-depth reviews have become standard references that continue to be of significant, lasting value in this rapidly expanding field.

This series, since its first volume in 1960 and now the oldest series still being published, covers new developments in computer technology. Each volume contains from 5 to 7 chapters and 3 volumes are produced annually. Most chapters present an overview of a current subfield within computer science, include many citations, and often new developments in the field by the authors of the individual chapters. Topics include hardware, software, web technology, communications, theoretical underpinnings of computing, and novel applications of computers. The book series is a valuable addition to university courses that emphasize the topics under discussion in that particular volume as well as belonging on the bookshelf of industrial practitioners who need to implement many of the technologies that are described.
In-depth surveys and tutorials on new computer technologyWell-known authors and researchers in the fieldExtensive bibliographies with most chaptersMany of the volumes are devoted to single themes or subfields of computer science