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Andrea Bottani Massimiliano Carrara Pierdaniele Giaretta What do we
do when we do metaphysics? The aim of this introduction is to give
a provisional answer to this question, and then to explain the
subtitle of the volume. It is easy to observe that when we do meta
physics we engage in a linguistic activity, mainly consisting of
uttering declarative sentences that are not very clear to most
people. That is true, but, of course, it is not very informative.
What do we speak of when we do metaphysics? A traditional answer
could be: we speak of what things really are, so suggesting that
things can appear in a way that is different from the way they
really are. So understood, meta physics is about the sense, or the
senses, of "real being." A question that immediately arises is
whether the sense of being is unique or is different for different
types of things. Another question is whether it is possible that
something could appear to be, but really not be. Modem analytic
metaphysicians usually answer that the sense of being is unique,
while acknowledging that there are different kinds of things, and
that to say that something could appear to be but really not be is
a plain contradiction, unless what is understood is that it could
appear to us that there is something having such and such features,
but viii Individuals, Essence, and Identity really there is no such
a thing."
Andrea Bottani Massimiliano Carrara Pierdaniele Giaretta What do we
do when we do metaphysics? The aim of this introduction is to give
a provisional answer to this question, and then to explain the
subtitle of the volume. It is easy to observe that when we do meta
physics we engage in a linguistic activity, mainly consisting of
uttering declarative sentences that are not very clear to most
people. That is true, but, of course, it is not very informative.
What do we speak of when we do metaphysics? A traditional answer
could be: we speak of what things really are, so suggesting that
things can appear in a way that is different from the way they
really are. So understood, meta physics is about the sense, or the
senses, of "real being." A question that immediately arises is
whether the sense of being is unique or is different for different
types of things. Another question is whether it is possible that
something could appear to be, but really not be. Modem analytic
metaphysicians usually answer that the sense of being is unique,
while acknowledging that there are different kinds of things, and
that to say that something could appear to be but really not be is
a plain contradiction, unless what is understood is that it could
appear to us that there is something having such and such features,
but viii Individuals, Essence, and Identity really there is no such
a thing."
Unity and Plurality presents novel ways of thinking about plurality
while casting new light on the interconnections among the logical,
philosophical, and linguistic aspects of plurals. The volume brings
together new work on the logic and ontology of plurality and on the
semantics of plurals in natural language. Plural reference, the
view that definite plurals such as 'the students' refer to several
entities at once (the individual students), is an approach favoured
by logicians and philosophers, who take sentences with plurals
('the students gathered') not to be committed to entities beyond
individuals, entities such as classes, sums, or sets. By contrast,
linguistic semantics has been dominated by a singularist approach
to plurals, taking the semantic value of a definite plural such as
'the students' to be a mereological sum or set. Moreover, semantics
has been dominated by a particular ontological view of plurality,
that of extensional mereology. This volume aims to build a bridge
between the two traditions and to show the fruitfulness of
nonstandard mereological approaches. A team of leading experts
investigates new perspectives that arise from plural logic and
non-standard mereology and explore novel applications to natural
language phenomena.
Damiano and Massimiliano Carrara, owners of Carrara Pastries in
Southern California, take you on a delicious journey that will make
you feel like you're right in their hometown of Lucca, Italy. With
basic kitchen tools and ingredients, they help you get creative
about enjoying variations of numerous pastries, including family
recipes that have been passed down through the generations. Whether
you're craving a basic recipe, cream or custard, bite-sized pastry
or gelato, you'll find it here. Filled with pictures to guide you
through the baking process, each recipe is measured in grams or
liter to make them easier to scale, multiply or divide. Baking
demands precision, and the authors believe you need exactly the
right amount of each ingredient. Demystify tasty deserts and bring
flavor into your life with the easy-to-follow recipes in Dolce
Italia.
The key-terms "language," "knowledge" and "metaphysics" arguably
shape most of the recent researches in analytic philosophy. This
volume aim to address some of the currently debated issues
revolving around these three fundamental areas and, in particular:
can the notion of "descriptive name" be extended to names of
natural kinds? What does it mean for a belief to be justified? Is
there a principled way to draw the distinction between causal and
non causal relations? Do future contingent claims require us to
employ a notion of relative truth? In what sense analytic sentences
could be taken to be known a posteriori? The twelve papers
collected in this volume arise from a selection of those presented
during the First Graduate Conference of the Italian Society for
Analytic Philosophy (SIFA) held at the University of Padua in
September 2007. The authors are all young and brilliant scholars
coming from some of the most prestigious universities in the world:
University College (London), Nottingham, Princeton, Kentucky,
Stanford, Eastern Piedmont, St. Andrews, Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, Duhram, Catholic University of Leuven, London School of
Economics.
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