In 1915, Great Britain and her Empire found itself engaged at Gallipoli and on the Western Front. Lacking the wherewithal to conduct both campaigns effectively, the year was one of theatre-wide learning and experiential exchange that continued to the armistice. Primarily based on a series of papers delivered at the Western Front Association's Gallipoli and the Western Front Centenary Conference (25-27 September 2015), this compendium volume contains original essays by such notable First World War historians as Stephen Chambers, Mark Connolly, Christopher Pugsley and Gary Sheffield. The various topics include command and control, military technology, logistics and British and Dominion forces.

A Victorian/Edwardian Guards officer and devout Roman Catholic with, for the period, a remarkable amount of extra-regimental active service, Major-General Sir Cecil Edward Pereira KCB CMG (1869-1942) was educated at the Oratory School, Birmingham and commissioned into the Coldstream Guards in 1890. Subsequent service with the Niger Company provided the eager young subaltern with the welcome opportunity to join the MacDonald Expedition (1897-98) which ventured into the relatively unknown Ugandan interior. The result was an epic albeit almost forgotten late 19th century exploration feat. Further active service in Rhodesia, Transvaal and Cape Colony followed with the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902). With the coming of the First World War Cecil successively served on the Western Front as CO 2nd Battalion Coldstream Guards (1914); GOC 85th Brigade (1915) and GOC 1st Guards Brigade (1916). Promoted GOC 2nd Infantry Division in December 1916, Cecil commanded this premier Regular Army formation in the battles of Arras; Cambrai (1917); the German Spring Offensive and Advance to Victory (1918). Appointed GOC 56th (London) Division in 1919, he remained in command of this notable Territorial formation until retirement in 1923. Great Britain under threat of invasion in summer 1940, Cecil was called upon to organise the London Local Defence Volunteers, a monumental task that would be the final service to his country. Ably edited by grandson Edward Pereira and military historians Spencer Jones and Michael LoCicero, this detailed and fascinating mid-level BEF commander's private wartime correspondence with his devoted wife Helen and numerous contemporaries both civil and military is now available for the first time to specialist and general readers alike.

Between 1792 and 1945, the character of warfare changed. Battalions standing shoulder to shoulder during the Napoleonic era gave way to the industrialised, modern armies of the First and Second World Wars. The organisation and operational methods of the major military powers dramatically altered during this period and the British forces were no different. From the transition of the Royal Navy's ships to oil from coal to the creation of an independent air force in 1918, the British military pioneered key innovations that affected the character of war on land, sea and air. To date, many commentators and historians have focused on contemporary debates or specific historical examples. A Military Transformed? Adaptation and Innovation in the British Military from 1792 to 1945 brings many of these debates together and forms a broader picture. The complexity of change in the British Army, Royal Navy and Royal Air Force is explored in chapters drawing on new and original research. Examples covered include the British military performance in the Napoleonic Wars, the developments of the Army medical services in the late-nineteenth century, the Royal Navy's introduction of the Whitehead torpedo in the 1870s, air power doctrine on the eve of the First World War, British Army reorganisation in 1918 and amphibious operations in the Second World War. Spanning the period of both peace and war this ground-breaking survey illustrates the different drivers for transformation and innovation. Culture, technology, tactics, organisation, personality, doctrine, command and context have all shaped the speed and development of the British Forces. A Military Transformed? Adaptation and Innovation in the British Military from 1792 to 1945 shows that while it was neither a revolutionary nor a conservative organisation, the British military certainly evolved and reacted to the character of warfare in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; even if change, at times, did not come easily.

The Third Battle of Ypres was officially terminated by Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig with the opening of the Battle of Cambrai on 20 November 1917. Nevertheless, a comparatively unknown set-piece attack - the only large-scale night operation carried out on the Flanders front during the campaign - was launched twelve days later on 2 December. This volume is a necessary corrective to previously published campaign narratives of what has become popularly known as 'Passchendaele'. It examines the course of events from the mid-November decision to sanction further offensive activity in the vicinity of Passchendaele village to the barren operational outcome that forced British GHQ to halt the attack within ten hours of Zero. A litany of unfortunate decisions and circumstances contributed to the profitless result. At the tactical level, a novel hybrid set-piece attack scheme was undermined by a fatal combination of snow-covered terrain and bright moonlight. At the operational level, the highly unsatisfactory local situation in the immediate aftermath of Third Ypres' post-strategic phase (26 October-10 November) appeared to offer no other alternative to attacking from the confines of an extremely vulnerable salient. Perhaps the most tragic aspect of the affair occurred at the political and strategic level, where Haig's earnest advocacy for resumption of the Flanders offensive in spring 1918 was maintained despite obvious signs that the initiative had now passed to the enemy and the crisis of the war was fast approaching. A Moonlight Massacre provides an important contribution and re-interpretation of the discussion surrounding Passchendaele, based firmly on an extensive array of sources, many unpublished, and supported by illustrations and maps.

Between 1792 and 1945, the character of warfare changed. Battalions standing shoulder to shoulder during the Napoleonic era gave way to the industrialised, modern armies of the First and Second World Wars. The organisation and operational methods of the major military powers dramatically altered during this period and the British forces were no different. From the transition of the Royal Navy's ships to oil from coal to the creation of an independent air force in 1918, the British military pioneered key innovations that affected the character of war on land, sea and air. To date, many commentators and historians have focused on contemporary debates or specific historical examples. A Military Transformed? Adaptation and Innovation in the British Military from 1792 to 1945 brings many of these debates together and forms a broader picture. The complexity of change in the British Army, Royal Navy and Royal Air Force is explored in chapters drawing on new and original research. Examples covered include the British military performance in the Napoleonic Wars, the developments of the Army medical services in the late-nineteenth century, the Royal Navy's introduction of the Whitehead torpedo in the 1870s, air power doctrine on the eve of the First World War, British Army reorganisation in 1918 and amphibious operations in the Second World War. Spanning the period of both peace and war this ground-breaking survey illustrates the different drivers for transformation and innovation. Culture, technology, tactics, organisation, personality, doctrine, command and context have all shaped the speed and development of the British Forces. A Military Transformed? Adaptation and Innovation in the British Military from 1792 to 1945 shows that while it was neither a revolutionary nor a conservative organisation, the British military certainly evolved and reacted to the character of warfare in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; even if change, at times, did not come easily.