C-XSC is a tool for the development of numerical algorithms delivering highly accurate and automatically verified results. It provides a large number of predefined numerical data types and operators. These types are implemented as C++ classes. Thus, C-XSC allows high-level programming of numerical applications in C and C++. The most important features of C-XSC are: real, complex, interval, and complex interval arithmetic; dynamic vectors and matrices; subarrays of vectors and matrices; dotprecision data types, predefined arithmetic operators with maximum accuracy; standard functions of high accuracy; multiple precision arithmetic and standard functions; rounding control for I/O data; error handling, and library of problem solving routines with automatic result verification. Thus, C-XSC makes the computer more powerful concerning the arithmetic. C-XSC is immediately usable by C programmers, easy to learn, user-extendable, and may also be combined with other tools. The book can be used as a textbook and as a reference manual. It consists of an introduction to advanced computer arithmetic, a chapter describing the programming languages C and C++, the major chapter "C-XSC Reference," sample programs, and indices.

This comprehensive volume reviews our understanding of the origin and evolution of elements, from stellar nucleosynthesis to the chemical evolution of the cosmos. With chapters by leading authorities in the field, it describes models of how the elements are produced by stars, the nuclear processes involved, and how the quantity of elements evolved in our Galaxy and distant galaxies. The observed chemical composition of stars in different locations within our Galaxy and nearby galaxies is discussed, as are the compositions of hot and cold gases, of dust grains found between stars and in meteorites, and of the integrated light from distant galaxies and quasars. This authoritative volume is a valuable resource for graduate students and professional research astronomers.

This comprehensive volume reviews current understanding of the origin and evolution of elements, from stellar nucleosynthesis to the chemical evolution of the cosmos. With chapters by leading authorities in the field, it describes models of how the elements are produced by stars, the nuclear processes involved, and how the quantity of elements evolved in our Galaxy and distant galaxies. The observed chemical composition of stars in different locations within our Galaxy and nearby galaxies is discussed, as are the compositions of hot and cold gases, of dust grains found between stars and in meteorites, and of the integrated light from distant galaxies and quasars. This authoritative volume is a valuable resource for graduate students and professional research astronomers.