Advanced Arabic Literary Reader is a truly representative collection of literary extracts from across the Arabic-speaking world. Extracts from each country in the Arab world have been carefully selected, with a balance of both male and female writers and prominent and emerging voices, providing a unique window into the Arab world. Suitable for both class use and independent study, each extract is supported by an introduction to the author, pre-reading activities, comprehension questions and discussion questions. These activities are designed to help learners expand and reinforce their vocabulary, develop their oral and written proficiency and stimulate further exploration of the cultural and historical background of the texts. Written entirely in Arabic, the Advanced Arabic Literary Reader is an essential text for advanced students who wish to further their reading, speaking, and writing ability in Modern Standard Arabic. Free audio recordings of the extracts are available online at www.routledge.com/books/details/9781138828698 to enable students to improve listening skills.

Advanced Arabic Literary Reader is a truly representative collection of literary extracts from across the Arabic-speaking world. Extracts from each country in the Arab world have been carefully selected, with a balance of both male and female writers and prominent and emerging voices, providing a unique window into the Arab world. Suitable for both class use and independent study, each extract is supported by an introduction to the author, pre-reading activities, comprehension questions and discussion questions. These activities are designed to help learners expand and reinforce their vocabulary, develop their oral and written proficiency and stimulate further exploration of the cultural and historical background of the texts. Written entirely in Arabic, the Advanced Arabic Literary Reader is an essential text for advanced students who wish to further their reading, speaking, and writing ability in Modern Standard Arabic. Free audio recordings of the extracts are available online at www.routledge.com/books/details/9781138828698 to enable students to improve listening skills.

Innovative Energy Conversion from Biomass Waste offers a new approach to optimizing energy recovery from waste using thermochemical conversion. Instead of conventional pinch technology, the book proposes integrated systems employing exergy recovery and process integration technologies to minimize exergy loss due to entropy generation. This innovative approach is demonstrated in three case studies using high-potential low-rank fuels from industrial waste products with high moisture content, high volatile matter, and high hemicellulose content. From these case studies, readers are provided with three different examples of biomass type, pre-treatment route, and conversion, from fruit bunch cofired within existing coal power plants, black liquor in a stand-alone system, and rice waste processing integrated into existing agricultural systems. Innovative Energy Conversion from Biomass Waste is a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners alike, and will be of interest to environmental scientists, biotechnologists, and chemical engineers working in waste-to-energy and renewable energy.

Tobacco does not include smoking only, another form of tobacco which warrants public health attention is smokeless tobacco (SLT). In South Asia, 17% of the population - over 250 million people - use SLT products. While epidemiological studies report consistent association between SLT use and many health effects, there is an ongoing debate regarding the role of SLT for coronary heart disease (CHD). The majority of the studies about this issue were conducted either in Sweden or in USA. SLT products from South Asia differ significantly from European or Western products; therefore, those study results cannot be generalised to South Asian settings. This monograph is focused on a study from Bangladesh, which is one of the developing countries in South-East Asia, where prevalence of SLT use is 27% (equating to 26 million people). Besides exploring the association between SLT use and CHD, this monograph also highlighted on the perceptions of SLT use among non-smoking adults in Bangladesh. Two important methodological issues are also presented here. All the components add significantly for any future research in this issue from South Asian perspective.

In this book a sixth-order parallel splitting method is developed to get more accurate numerical solution of Parabolic Partial Differential equations. Here sixth-order approximations for second-order parabolic partial differential equations and their algorithms are developed using six parallel processors. In addition to giving a more favorable truncation error, the use of higher order approximates to the matrix exponential functions improves the stability properties of finite difference schemes yielded, which is clear in examples and results are compared.

After the collapse of Saddam's regime in 2003, the most important issue in Iraq was the power-sharing arrangements among communities. At this point, the Iraqi people were presented with the chance to look for another political system which would retain all communities' participation: consociational democracy, an ideal theme in that kind of system everybody has a voice and contributes to the political process. Therefore, the US-led coalition forces were invested in working to form political order according to power-sharing arrangements and recognized that they needed to do this by gathering Iraqi's politicians to reach an agreement about power-sharing arrangements.This book concentrates on connections or divergences between formal or informal examples of consociationalism, and the actual practice of these between 2003 and 2014 in Iraq. The author argues that consociational elements are partially reflected in the permanent constitution, and partially implemented throughout the period under investigation, bearing in mind the positive role of the US-led coalition.