Despite the enduring rhetorical use of the lessons of history by British politicians to justify present-day policies, the extent to which history has been used as an actual policy input remains a neglected topic. Focusing upon the 1957 Whitehall policy initiative encouraging greater use of history in the policymaking process, this book studies in depth the Treasury and the Foreign Office, the departments making the most positive responses. The findings, enhancing our knowledge of post-1945 Britain, illuminate debates about the nature and use of history in the contemporary world, most notably the relationship between history and policy.

In modern scientific investigation the fields of biochemistry, molecular biology, and morphology comprise an indivisible area of study. The present book results from the cooperation of a bioehernist and morphologists: the revision and unified treatment of available data is the primary object of our work. A comprehensive review of all the available literature is therefore beyond the scope of this volume. lt is intended to be a manual to be used in the laboratory, with convenient guidelines for practical work. Plant microbodies have been treated by B. GERHARDT in Volume 5 of this series. The discovery of fatty acid ss-oxidation in animal peroxisomes has proved once more that plant and animal microbodies are members of the same family of organelles. lt provided new insights into the physiological meaning of these particles; our understanding of these "classical" cell organelies is undergoing continual alteration and development. PETER BoecK Vienna, July 1980 ROBERT KRAMAR MARGIT PAVELKA Acknowledgements We wish to express our gratitude to Prof. Dr. D. H. FAHIMI and Dr. P. KALMBACH (Heidelberg) for kindly providing Figure 14, to Prof. Dr. KARIN GoRGAS (Heidelberg) for allowing the reproduction of Figure 43, to Profs. Dr. L. STOCKINGER and Dr. E. KAISER for helpful criticism, and to all our colleagues in our respective institutes. W e are especially grateful to Drs. H. GoLDENBERG and M. HuTTINGER for continuous discussion, to Mrs. JuTTA SELBMANN for typing the references, and to Mr. P. KAMPFER and Mr. H. WAGNER for carefully drawing some of the figures.

Our knowledge of chromaffin tissue has increased enormously since the last comprehensive treatise in this series was published in 1943, chiefly as a result of the development of new histological methods and technical improve- ments. Less than 40 years have passed since the review by MAX WATZKA, and essentially only 25 years were required to accumulate an abundance of revolu- tionizing findings: it was not until 1957 that the carotid body was first studied successfully with the electron microscope. In 1962 the technique of formalde- hyde-induced fluorescence was introduced, yielding a view of adrenergic struc- tures that was completely new and far better than that obtained with the chro- maffin reaction. Immunohistochemistry made it possible to localize enzymes responsible for catecholamine synthesis and to detect peptide hormones. Autora- diographic techniques were used at the level of the electron microscope, the method of chemical sympathectomy was introduced and still other technical improvements could be mentioned. I myself have been interested in chromaffin cells and sympathetic neurons since 1965, when I entered the Department of Histology, University of Vienna, as a medical student. Therefore I have not followed the developments mentioned above retrospectively, but have actually experienced them. Anyone who experi- ences such a development comes to believe that he is well acquainted with the various results and interpretations and is thus capable of objectivity.

The extent to which history has been used to inform policy remains a neglected topic. Focusing upon the 1957 Whitehall policy initiative, this book enhances our knowledge of post-1945 Britain, illuminates debates about the nature and the use of history in the contemporary world, most notably the relationship between history and policy.

I. Das Glomus caroticum als chromaffines Paraganglion Das Glomus caroticum wurde als erstes Paraganglion aufgefunden (Taube, 1743 und Berckelmann, 1744; zit. nach Kohn, 1900) und vorerst wohl wegen des Nervenreichtums fiir ein sympathisches Ganglion gehalten. Erst Luschka (1862) erachtete den epitheloiden Bau ahnlich einer inkretorischen Druse fiir wichtig genug, urn von einer, Nervendriise" zu sprechen. Aus dieser Zeit sollten auch die Untersuchungen von Arnold (1865) iiber die GefaBversorgung des Glomus caro- ticum beriicksichtigt werden. Arnold definiert seine Ansicht von der Natur des Organs am besten durch die Wahl des Namens: , Glomeruli arteriosi intercaro- tici". Tatsachlich schlieBen diese Strukturformen einander nicht aus, sondern beide Charakteristika - der inkretorische Charakter der epitheloiden Zellen und der auffallende Reichtum an arteriellen GefaBen - miissen als spezifisches Kenn- zeichen des Glomus caroticum gelten. Die erste Beobachtung einer chromaffinen Reaktion der epitheloiden Zellen des Glomus caroticum stammt von Stilling (1892, 1898); Spater ist der Ausfall der chromaffinen Reaktion fiir dieses Gewebe immer wieder diskutiert worden (Zusammenfassungen s. Adams, 1958; Serafini-Fracassini und Frasson, 1966; Watzka, 1943). In der Mehrzahl der Faile wares nicht gelungen am Glomus caro- ticum eine positive chromaffine Reaktion zu erzielen. Dies fiihrte zur Einreihung des Glomus caroticum in die Gruppe der, nicht chromaffinen Paraganglien" (Watzka, 1943) woes als Hauptvertreter und Derivat des parasympathischen Sy- stems interpretiert wurde, im Gegensatz zu chromaffinen Paraganglien, Abkomm- lingen des Sympathicus.

schen Eigenschaften bereits stark ansprechen. Derartige Die Atomabstande in homogenen Gold-Platin Storungen konnen durch Alterung bei Raumtemperatur, Legierungen andern sich praktisch linear mit der aber auch durch nicht ganz wirksames Abschrecken ent Konzentration. Reines Platin hat eine Gitterkonstante stehen. und leicht einen systematischen Gang mit der apt = 3,915 0,000 A, bezogen auf III 1 1 5 0 20 c. Die Loslichkeitsgrenzen wurden ZWI 50 schen 675 und lllO C rontgenogra phisch bestimmt. Das Temperaturmaxi 50 mum der Mischungsliicke liegt bei etwa 1180 C und rund 60% Platin. Bei 1100 (900, 700) 0 C lOsen sich rund 43 (30, 25) 50 Atom-% Platin im Gold und rund 19 (7, 3,5) Atom-% Gold im Platin. Bis auf die deutlich geringere Los 50 lichkeit des Goldes im Platin stimmen die Ergebnisse im wesentlichen mit den Untersuchungen von Johansson-Linde 50 (1930) iiberein. Wir dank en auch an dieser Stelle 11 tt t H Herrn Professor Dr.-Ing. G. Sachs fiir Lin/en der p/(JI/nreichen ?h(Jse IIt.-%/'t Lin/en der go/dre/chen ?h(Jse H . # t H die Anregung und Forderung der Arbeit. 8750 Besonderen Dank schulden Wlr dem inzwischen verstorbenen Herrn Dr. L. Nowack, Leiter des metallographi- 0 6'75 schen Laboratoriums der Deutschen 85 Gold- und Silber-Scheideanstalt, Pforz heim, das uns durch Herstellung der Legierungen in groBtenteils versuc- fertiger Form in wertvollster Weise unter Abb. 3. Rontgenaufnahmen (Cu.K-strahiung) zweiphasiger Goid-Piatin.Legierungen."

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Kendra is in search of a myth to save her brother before the Sultan exacts punishment on him. To her surprise, this myth is not at all what it is built up to be. Will she save her brother in time? The Genie and the Lamp is a story about manifesting what you want in life. It's a mystical adventure that will keep readers enthralled for hours.