This book contains a selection of papers presented at the ?rst annual workshop of the TYPES Working Group (Computer-Assisted Reasoning Based on Type Theory, EU IST project 29001), which was held 8th 12th of December, 2000 at the University of Durham, Durham, UK. It was attended by about 80 researchers. The workshop follows a series of meetings organised in 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, and 1999 under the auspices of the Esprit BRA6435 and the - prit Working Group 21900 for the previous TYPES projects. Those proceedings were also published in the LNCS series, edited by Henk Barendregt and Tobias Nipkow (Vol. 806, 1993), by Peter Dybjer, Bengt Nordstr]om, and Jan Smith (Vol. 996, 1994), by Stefano Berardi and Mario Coppo (Vol. 1158, 1995), by Christine Paulin-Mohring and Eduardo Gimenez (Vol. 1512, 1996), by Thorsten Altenkirch, Wolfgang Naraschewski, and Bernhard Reus (Vol. 1657, 1998), and by Thierry Coquand, Peter Dybjer, Bengt Nordstr]om, and Jan Smith (Vol. 1956, 1999). The Esprit BRA6453 was itself a continuation of the former Esprit - tion 3245, Logical Frameworks: Design, Implementation, and Experiments. The articles from the annual workshops under that Action were edited by Gerard Huet and Gordon Plotkin in the books Logical Frameworks and Logical En- ronments, both published by Cambridge University Press. Acknowledgements We are very grateful to members of Durham s Computer Assisted Reasoning Group, especially Robert Kiessling, for helping to organise the workshop. Robert s contribution was key to the success of the meeting."

It has been said that the experiences of childhood shape one's personality for a lifetime. This child of Palau was reared on an isolated tropical island by a great aunt who spoke only her native tongue and had few worldly possessions other than those gleaned from land and sea. The knowledge and skills learned in this subsistence environment provide the foundation for a remarkable journey into the modern world, a journey that is documented here in the hope that others will be inspired to make the most from what life has provided.

In this book two of New Zealand's leading thinkers tell us to get off the grass! - and explain how we might do so. Shaun Hendy and Paul Callaghan argue that the New Zealand 'paradox' can be explained by our struggle to innovate. On a per capita basis, OECD countries on average produce four times as many patents as New Zealand. Why is this? What determines a country's capacity for innovation? Shaun Hendy and Paul Callaghan take a quantitative look at how innovation works both in New Zealand and around the world. They show that economic geography plays a key role in determining rates of innovation and productivity. If New Zealand is to grow its economy more rapidly it must overcome geography to build nationwide communities of innovators, entrepreneurs and businesses. It must get off the grass and diversify its economy beyond the primary sector. Hendy and Callaghan pose deep challenges to the country: Can New Zealand learn to innovate like a city of four million people? Can New Zealand become a place where talent wants to live? Can we learn to live off knowledge rather than nature? Are we willing to take science seriously? In a brilliant intellectual adventure that takes us from David Ricardo and Adam Smith to economic geography and the science of complex networks, Shaun Hendy and Paul Callaghan pose the tough questions and provide some powerful answers for New Zealand's future.