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In a 2001 poll, Turks ranked the United States highest when asked:
"Which country is Turkey's best friend in international relations?"
When the pollsters reversed the question-"Which country is Turkey's
number one enemy in international relations?"-the United States
came in second. How did Turkey's citizens come to hold such
opposing views simultaneously? In The Limits of Westernization,
Perin E. Gurel explains this unique split and its echoes in
contemporary U.S.-Turkey relations. Using Turkish and English
sources, Gurel maps the reaction of Turks to the rise of the United
States as a world-ordering power in the twentieth century. As
Turkey transitioned from an empire to a nation-state, the country's
ruling elite projected "westernization" as a necessary and
desirable force but also feared its cultural damage. Turkish stock
figures and figures of speech represented America both as a good
model for selective westernization and as a dangerous source of
degeneration. At the same time, U.S. policy makers imagined Turkey
from within their own civilization templates, first as the main
figure of Oriental barbarism (i.e., "the terrible Turk"), then,
during the Cold War, as good pupils of modernization theory. As the
Cold War transitioned to the War on Terror, Turks rebelled against
the new U.S.-made trope of the "moderate Muslim." Local artifacts
of westernization-folk culture crossed with American cultural
exports-and alternate projections of modernity became tinder for
both Turkish anti-Americanism and resistance to state-led
modernization projects. The Limits of Westernization analyzes the
complex local uses of "the West" to explain how the United States
could become both the best and the worst in the Turkish political
imagination. Gurel traces how ideas about westernization and
America have influenced national history writing and policy making,
as well as everyday affects and identities. Foregrounding shifting
tropes about and from Turkey-a regional power that continues to
dominate American visions for the "modernization" of the Middle
East-Gurel also illuminates the transnational development of
powerful political tropes, from "the Terrible Turk" to "the Islamic
Terrorist."
In a 2001 poll, Turks ranked the United States highest when asked:
"Which country is Turkey's best friend in international relations?"
When the pollsters reversed the question-"Which country is Turkey's
number one enemy in international relations?"-the United States
came in second. How did Turkey's citizens come to hold such
opposing views simultaneously? In The Limits of Westernization,
Perin E. Gurel explains this unique split and its echoes in
contemporary U.S.-Turkey relations. Using Turkish and English
sources, Gurel maps the reaction of Turks to the rise of the United
States as a world-ordering power in the twentieth century. As
Turkey transitioned from an empire to a nation-state, the country's
ruling elite projected "westernization" as a necessary and
desirable force but also feared its cultural damage. Turkish stock
figures and figures of speech represented America both as a good
model for selective westernization and as a dangerous source of
degeneration. At the same time, U.S. policy makers imagined Turkey
from within their own civilization templates, first as the main
figure of Oriental barbarism (i.e., "the terrible Turk"), then,
during the Cold War, as good pupils of modernization theory. As the
Cold War transitioned to the War on Terror, Turks rebelled against
the new U.S.-made trope of the "moderate Muslim." Local artifacts
of westernization-folk culture crossed with American cultural
exports-and alternate projections of modernity became tinder for
both Turkish anti-Americanism and resistance to state-led
modernization projects. The Limits of Westernization analyzes the
complex local uses of "the West" to explain how the United States
could become both the best and the worst in the Turkish political
imagination. Gurel traces how ideas about westernization and
America have influenced national history writing and policy making,
as well as everyday affects and identities. Foregrounding shifting
tropes about and from Turkey-a regional power that continues to
dominate American visions for the "modernization" of the Middle
East-Gurel also illuminates the transnational development of
powerful political tropes, from "the Terrible Turk" to "the Islamic
Terrorist."
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