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Is Venezuela's Bolivarian revolution under Hugo Chavez truly
revolutionary? Most books and articles tend to view the Chavez
government in an either-or fashion. Some see the president as the
shining knight of twenty-first-century socialism, while others see
him as an avenging Stalinist strongman. Despite passion on both
sides, the Chavez government does not fall easily into a seamless
fable of emancipatory or authoritarian history, as these essays
make clear. A range of distinguished authors consider the nature of
social change in contemporary Venezuela and explore a number of
themes that help elucidate the sources of the nation's political
polarization. The chapters range from Fernando Coronil's
"Bolivarian Revolution," which examines the relationship between
the state's social body (its population) and its natural body (its
oil reserves), to an insightful look at women's rights by Cathy A.
Rakowski and Gioconda Espina. This volume shows that, while the
future of the national process is unclear, the principles
elaborated by the Chavez government are helping articulate a new
Latin American left.
Extensive GIS and field studies of Indus delta were conducted
during 2005-08 to determine the influence of reduced flow of river
Indus on dynamics of Indus delta changes as well as of its
vegetation degradation during 49 years period from 1953 to 2001.
There was huge loss of 67% in dense forests with slight reduction
of 23% in the river flow in initial 25 years period whereas there
was a minor loss of only 9% of dense forests in spite of huge
reduction of 57% of river flow in next 24 years period. It was
further determined that Indus delta mangrove forests were not
degraded due to higher salinity levels. Comparative figures for
different parameters of forest cover, forest density, annual growth
rate as well as Shannon's diversity Index H (richness) and EH
(evenness) for least flooded zone (23.12 ppt) and most flooded zone
(18.74 ppt) were 60.58 vs. 56.19, 598 vs. 202, 17.46% vs. 18.08%,
0.45 vs. 0.08 and 0.40 vs. 0.07 respectively. It was determined
that reduced flow of river Indus had no adverse effect on delta
erosion, accretion as well as mangrove forest degradation. It was
rather due to biological interventions of various natures.
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