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The two attempts by Khubilai Khan, the Mongol Emperor of China, to
invade Japan in 1274 and 1281 represent unique events in the
history of both countries. It pitted the samurai of Japan against
the fierce warriors of the steppes who had conquered half the known
world.
The Mongol conquest of Korea left them with a considerable quantity
of maritime resources, which enabled them to thin seriously for the
first time about crossing the Tsushima strait between Korea and
Japan with an army of invasion. The first invasion, which began
with savage raiding on the islands of Tsushima and Iki, made a
landfall at Hakata Bay and forced the samurai defenders back
inland. Luckily for the Japanese defenders, a storm scattered the
Mongol invasion fleet, leading them to abandon this attempt.
In the intervening years the Japanese made defensive preparation,
and the Mongol increased their fleet and army, so that the second
invasion involved one of the largest seaborne expeditions in world
history up to that time. This attempt was aimed at the same landing
site, Hakata Bay, and met stiffer opposition form the new defences
and the aggressive Japanese defenders. Forced buy a series of major
Japanese raids to stay in their ships at anchor, the Mongol fleet
was obliterated by a typhoon - the kami kaze (divine wind) - for
the loss of as many as 90 per cent of the invaders. Although
further preparations were made for an assault by the Mongols at the
end of the 13ht and beginning of the 14th centuries, this proved to
be the last realistic threat of an invasion of the home islands
till 1945.
The southeastern people were the descendants of ancient prehistoric
Indian cultures, and were probably on the decline when first known
to Europeans. Despite being poorly reported in popular histories,
they have been well described by several early European traders and
by a number of well-known American ethnologists who collected
details of surviving native culture in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries. The white man's expanding plantation society and the
tragic removal of the Indian population to Indian Territory saw the
end of this farming, hunting and trading culture. This title
examines the absorbing history and culture of the native peoples of
the southeastern United States.
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