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Picking up where Liar's Poker left off (literally, in the bond
dealer's desks of Salomon Brothers) the story of Long-Term Capital
Management is of a group of elite investors who believed they could
beat the market and, like alchemists, create limitless wealth for
themselves and their partners. Founded by John Meriweather, a
notoriously confident bond dealer, along with two Nobel prize
winners and a floor of Wall Street's brightest and best, Long-Term
Captial Management was from the beginning hailed as a new gold
standard in investing. It was to be the hedge fund to end all other
hedge funds: a discreet private investment club limited to those
rich enough to pony up millions. It became the banks' own favourite
fund and from its inception achieved a run of dizzyingly
spectacular returns. New investors barged each other aside to get
their investment money into LTCM's hands. But as competitors began
to mimic Meriweather's fund, he altered strategy to maintain the
fund's performance, leveraging capital with credit on a scale not
fully understood and never seen before. When the markets in
Indonesia, South America and Russia crashed in 1998 LCTM's
investments crashed with them and mountainous debts accumulated.
The fund was in melt-down, and threatening to bring down into its
trillion-dollar black hole a host of financial instiutions from New
York to Switzerland. It's a tale of vivid characters, overwheening
ambition, and perilous drama told, in Roger Lowenstein's hands,
with brilliant style and panache.
"Captivating . . . [Lowenstein] makes what subsequently occurred at
Treasury and on Wall Street during the early 1860s seem as
enthralling as what transpired on the battlefield or at the White
House." -Harold Holzer, Wall Street Journal "Ways and Means, an
account of the Union's financial policies, examines a subject long
overshadowed by military narratives . . . Lowenstein is a lucid
stylist, able to explain financial matters to readers who lack
specialized knowledge." -Eric Foner, New York Times Book Review
From renowned journalist and master storyteller Roger Lowenstein, a
revelatory financial investigation into how Lincoln and his
administration used the funding of the Civil War as the catalyst to
centralize the government and accomplish the most far-reaching
reform in the country's history Upon his election to the
presidency, Abraham Lincoln inherited a country in crisis. Even
before the Confederacy's secession, the United States Treasury had
run out of money. The government had no authority to raise taxes,
no federal bank, no currency. But amid unprecedented troubles
Lincoln saw opportunity-the chance to legislate in the centralizing
spirit of the "more perfect union" that had first drawn him to
politics. With Lincoln at the helm, the United States would now
govern "for" its people: it would enact laws, establish a currency,
raise armies, underwrite transportation and higher education,
assist farmers, and impose taxes for them. Lincoln believed this
agenda would foster the economic opportunity he had always sought
for upwardly striving Americans, and which he would seek in
particular for enslaved Black Americans. Salmon Chase, Lincoln's
vanquished rival and his new secretary of the Treasury, waged war
on the financial front, levying taxes and marketing bonds while
desperately battling to contain wartime inflation. And while the
Union and Rebel armies fought increasingly savage battles, the
Republican-led Congress enacted a blizzard of legislation that made
the government, for the first time, a powerful presence in the
lives of ordinary Americans. The impact was revolutionary. The
activist 37th Congress legislated for homesteads and a
transcontinental railroad and involved the federal government in
education, agriculture, and eventually immigration policy. It
established a progressive income tax and created the
greenback-paper money. While the Union became self-sustaining, the
South plunged into financial free fall, having failed to leverage
its cotton wealth to finance the war. Founded in a crucible of
anticentralism, the Confederacy was trapped in a static (and
slave-based) agrarian economy without federal taxing power or other
means of government financing, save for its overworked printing
presses. This led to an epic collapse. Though Confederate troops
continued to hold their own, the North's financial advantage over
the South, where citizens increasingly went hungry, proved
decisive; the war was won as much (or more) in the respective
treasuries as on the battlefields. Roger Lowenstein reveals the
largely untold story of how Lincoln used the urgency of the Civil
War to transform a union of states into a nation. Through a
financial lens, he explores how this second American revolution,
led by Lincoln, his cabinet, and a Congress studded with towering
statesmen, changed the direction of the country and established a
government of the people, by the people, and for the people.
A tour de force of historical reportage, America's Bank illuminates
the tumultuous era and remarkable personalities that spurred the
unlikely birth of America's modern central bank, the Federal
Reserve. Today, the Fed is the bedrock of the financial landscape,
yet the fight to create it was so protracted and divisive that it
seems a small miracle that it was ever established. For nearly a
century, America, alone among developed nations, refused to
consider any central or organizing agency in its financial system.
Americans' mistrust of big government and of big banks-a legacy of
the country's Jeffersonian, small-government traditions-was so
widespread that modernizing reform was deemed impossible. Each bank
was left to stand on its own, with no central reserve or lender of
last resort. The real-world consequences of this chaotic and
provincial system were frequent financial panics, bank runs, money
shortages, and depressions. By the first decade of the twentieth
century, it had become plain that the outmoded banking system was
ill equipped to finance America's burgeoning industry. But
political will for reform was lacking. It took an economic
meltdown, a high-level tour of Europe, and-improbably-a
conspiratorial effort by vilified captains of Wall Street to
overcome popular resistance. Finally, in 1913, Congress conceived a
federalist and quintessentially American solution to the conflict
that had divided bankers, farmers, populists, and ordinary
Americans, and enacted the landmark Federal Reserve Act. Roger
Lowenstein-acclaimed financial journalist and bestselling author of
When Genius Failed and The End of Wall Street-tells the drama-laden
story of how America created the Federal Reserve, thereby taking
its first steps onto the world stage as a global financial power.
America's Bank showcases Lowenstein at his very finest:
illuminating complex financial and political issues with striking
clarity, infusing the debates of our past with all the gripping
immediacy of today, and painting unforgettable portraits of Gilded
Age bankers, presidents, and politicians. Lowenstein focuses on the
four men at the heart of the struggle to create the Federal
Reserve. These were Paul Warburg, a refined, German-born financier,
recently relocated to New York, who was horrified by the primitive
condition of America's finances; Rhode Island's Nelson W. Aldrich,
the reigning power broker in the U.S. Senate and an archetypal
Gilded Age legislator; Carter Glass, the ambitious, if then
little-known, Virginia congressman who chaired the House Banking
Committee at a crucial moment of political transition; and
President Woodrow Wilson, the
academician-turned-progressive-politician who forced Glass to
reconcile his deep-seated differences with bankers and accept the
principle (anathema to southern Democrats) of federal control.
Weaving together a raucous era in American politics with a storied
financial crisis and intrigue at the highest levels of Washington
and Wall Street, Lowenstein brings the beginnings of one of the
country's most crucial institutions to vivid and unforgettable
life. Readers of this gripping historical narrative will wonder
whether they're reading about one hundred years ago or the
still-seething conflicts that mark our discussions of banking and
politics today.
Since its hardcover publication in August of 1995, Buffett has
appeared on the Wall Street Journal, New York Times, San Francisco
Chronicle, Los Angeles Times, Seattle Times, Newsday and Business
Week bestseller lists. The incredible landmark portrait of Warren
Buffett's uniquely American life is now available in paperback,
revised and updated by the author. Starting from scratch, simply by
picking stocks and companies for investment, Warren Buffett amassed
one of the epochal fortunes of the twentieth century--an astounding
net worth of $10 billion, and counting. His awesome investment
record has made him a cult figure popularly known for his seeming
contradictions: a billionaire who has a modest lifestyle, a
phenomenally successful investor who eschews the revolving-door
trading of modern Wall Street, a brilliant dealmaker who cultivates
a homespun aura. Journalist Roger Lowenstein draws on three years
of unprecedented access to Buffett's family, friends, and
colleagues to provide the first definitive, inside account of the
life and career of this American original. Buffett explains
Buffett's' investment strategy--a long-term philosophy grounded in
buying stock in companies that are undervalued on the market and
hanging on until their worth invariably surfaces--and shows how it
is a reflection of his inner self.
There are many ways to make money in today's market, but the one
strategy that has truly proven itself over the years is value
investing. Now, with The Little Book of Value Investing,
Christopher Browne shows you how to use this wealth-building
strategy to successfully buy bargain stocks around the world.
John Meriwether, a famously successful Wall Street trader, spent the 1980s as a partner at Salomon Brothers, establishing the best--and the brainiest--bond arbitrage group in the world. A mysterious and shy midwesterner, he knitted together a group of Ph.D.-certified arbitrageurs who rewarded him with filial devotion and fabulous profits. Then, in 1991, in the wake of a scandal involving one of his traders, Meriwether abruptly resigned. For two years, his fiercely loyal team--convinced that the chief had been unfairly victimized--plotted their boss's return. Then, in 1993, Meriwether made a historic offer. He gathered together his former disciples and a handful of supereconomists from academia and proposed that they become partners in a new hedge fund different from any Wall Street had ever seen. And so Long-Term Capital Management was born. In a decade that had seen the longest and most rewarding bull market in history, hedge funds were the ne plus ultra of investments: discreet, private clubs limited to those rich enough to pony up millions. They promised that the investors' money would be placed in a variety of trades simultaneously--a "hedging" strategy designed to minimize the possibility of loss. At Long-Term, Meriwether & Co. truly believed that their finely tuned computer models had tamed the genie of risk, and would allow them to bet on the future with near mathematical certainty. And thanks to their cast--which included a pair of future Nobel Prize winners--investors believed them. From the moment Long-Term opened their offices in posh Greenwich, Connecticut, miles from the pandemonium of Wall Street, it was clear that this would be a hedge fund apart from all others. Though they viewed the big Wall Street investment banks with disdain, so great was Long-Term's aura that these very banks lined up to provide the firm with financing, and on the very sweetest of terms. So self-certain were Long-Term's traders that they borrowed with little concern about the leverage. At first, Long-Term's models stayed on script, and this new gold standard in hedge funds boasted such incredible returns that private investors and even central banks clamored to invest more money. It seemed the geniuses in Greenwich couldn't lose. Four years later, when a default in Russia set off a global storm that Long-Term's models hadn't anticipated, its supposedly safe portfolios imploded. In five weeks, the professors went from mega-rich geniuses to discredited failures. With the firm about to go under, its staggering $100 billion balance sheet threatened to drag down markets around the world. At the eleventh hour, fearing that the financial system of the world was in peril, the Federal Reserve Bank hastily summoned Wall Street's leading banks to underwrite a bailout. Roger Lowenstein, the bestselling author of Buffett, captures Long-Term's roller-coaster ride in gripping detail. Drawing on confidential internal memos and interviews with dozens of key players, Lowenstein crafts a story that reads like a first-rate thriller from beginning to end. He explains not just how the fund made and lost its money, but what it was about the personalities of Long-Term's partners, the arrogance of their mathematical certainties, and the late-nineties culture of Wall Street that made it all possible. When Genius Failed is the cautionary financial tale of our time, the gripping saga of what happened when an elite group of investors believed they could actually deconstruct risk and use virtually limitless leverage to create limitless wealth. In Roger Lowenstein's hands, it is a brilliant tale peppered with fast money, vivid characters, and high drama.
The retirement crisis facing America-and the road map for a way
out-from "The New York Times" bestselling author of "Origins of the
Crash"
In the last several decades, corporations and local governments
made ruinous pension and healthcare promises to American workers.
With these now coming due, they threaten to destroy twenty-first-
century America's hopes for a comfortable retirement. With his
trademark narrative panache, bestselling author Roger Lowenstein
analyzes three fascinating case studies-General Motors, the New
York City subway system, and the city of San Diego-each an object
lesson and a compelling historical saga that illuminates how the
pension crisis developed. Cumulative retirement deficits are
approaching $1 trillion, and Lowenstein warns that these are only
the first. Retirement pensions will continue to be a critical issue
as the country ages, and While America Aged is the urgent call to
action and prescription for reform.
With his singular gift for turning complex financial events into
eminently readable stories, Roger Lowenstein lays bare the
labyrinthine events of the manic and tumultuous 1990s. In an
enthralling narrative, he ties together all of the characters of
the dot-com bubble and offers a unique portrait of the culture of
the era. Just as John Kenneth Galbraith's The Great Crash was a
defining text of the Great Depression, Lowenstein's Origins of the
Crash is destined to be the book that will frame our understanding
of the 1990s.
This revelatory work offers a blow-by-blow account of America's
biggest financial collapse since the Great Depression. Drawing on
180 interviews, Lowenstein tells, with grace, wit, and razor-sharp
understanding, the full story of the end of Wall Street.
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