The vital signs are, by definition, the measurements of the body's most basic functions. So far, the essential number of signs that must be measured is not clear as some references consider that the body temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate and breathing rate are sufficient but other sources consider that the measurement of other variables, such as the respiratory effort and oxygen saturation, are also crucial to determine the health of the person. This book is not intended to define the critical vital signs but presents the correlation of these measurements with other variables as well as the proposition of new methods to determine these variables. It also proposes some innovative applications that relay on these signs in a way to monitor and help the human being. Thus, this book presents six chapters that deal first with the correlation between the physical training and the blood pressure level among adults as well as the stress effects for nurses on their vital signs. Added to that, the influence of the vital signs to predict and detect epileptical seizure and the analysis of neural mechanisms of major depressive disorders will be also presented. As for the other chapters, they go into some engineering applications related to vital signs as the development of a smart syringe pump that monitors the patient's crucial parameters and the introduction of a novel system that monitors the driver's health and notifies health care providers in case the driver has any health failure in order to prevent cars accidents.

The first volume of this two-volume book, presents history, the mathematical modelling and the applications of fractional order systems, and contains mathematical and theoretical studies and research related to this domain. This volume is made up of 11 chapters. The first chapter presents an analysis of the Caputo derivative and the pseudo state representation with the infinite state approach. The second chapter studies the stability of a class of fractional Cauchy problems. The third chapter shows how to solve fractional order differential equations and fractional order partial differential equations using modern matrix algebraic approaches. Following this chapter, chapter four proposes another analytical method to solve differential equations with local fractional derivative operators. Concerning chapter five, it presents the extended Borel transform and its related fractional analysis. After presenting the analytical resolution methods for fractional calculus, chapter six shows the essentials of fractional calculus on discrete settings. The initialisation of such systems is shown in chapter seven. In fact, this chapter presents a generalised application of the Hankel operator for initialisation of fractional order systems. The last four chapters show some new studies and applications of non-integer calculus. In fact, chapter eight presents the fractional reaction-transport equations and evanescent continuous time random walks. Chapter nine shows a novel approach in the exponential integrators for fractional differential equations. Chapter ten presents the non-fragile tuning of fractional order PD controllers for integrating time delay systems. At the end, chapter eleven proposes a discrete finite-dimensional approximation of linear infinite dimensional systems. To sum up, this volume presents a mathematical and theoretical study of fractional calculus along with a stability study and some applications. This volume ends up with some new techniques and methods applied in fractional calculus. This volume will be followed up by a second volume that focuses on the applications of fractional calculus in several engineering domains.

After presenting the first volume of this two-volume book, presenting a lot of mathematical and theoretical studies and research related to non-integer calculus, the second volume illustrates applications related to this domain. This volume is made up of 11 chapters. The first chapter presents the heuristic power of the non-integer differential operators in physics starting from the chaos to the emergence, the auto-organizations and the holistic rules. The second chapter shows the dynamics of the fractional order chaotic systems along with some applications. The third chapter represents the pressure control of gas engines by non-integer order controllers by showing a novel trend in the application of the fractional calculus to automotive systems. Chapter 4 shows the way to model fractional order equations using state space modeling along with some applications. Another application related to this domain is the thermal diffusive interface. Chapter 5 shows the analysis of a semi-infinite diffuse plane medium along with the equations that model this medium, and some frequency and time domain responses. However, Chapter 6 treats this problem by controlling this plant using the well-known CRONE controller. Chapter 8 presents the adaptive second-order fractional sliding mode control with an application to a water tanks level system. Chapter 9 treats the mechanical aspect by showing the features of the fractional operators applied to this domain. Also, Chapter Nine presents the theory of diffusive stresses based on the fractional advection-diffusion equation. The modeling of drug diffusion during general anesthesia using Fractional Calculus is shown in Chapter 10 and is considered as another application related to the biomedical field. Finally, Chapter 11 represents an overview of the fractional fuzzy controllers by showing the analysis, the synthesis and the implementation of this module. To sum up, this second volume presents applications of fractional calculus in several engineering domains as the thermal, the automotive, the mechanical, the biomedical and much more. Note that this volume was preceded by a first volume that focuses on the mathematical and theoretical aspects of fractional calculus.