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Since the end of the war, the electronic methods for measuring
distances have made considerable progress and very remarkable new
possibilities in the field of surveying techniques have been found.
Means originally serving war purposes only have been adapted to
civilian and economic use by con tinued development of methods and
equipment. After a survey on the conventional methods of
triangulation applied in Germany and the United States and after a
brief discussion of modern base measuring by means of the
intcrference method according to Vais?la and the geodimeter
according to Bergstrand, the Canadian trilateral method is taken as
an example to show the specific possibilities the Shoran and the
Hiran methods, developed from radar techniques, oHer to-day to a
geo desist for exploring virgin areas. By these methods distances
of about 300 to 400 kms can be measured with relatively high
accuracy. The longest distances so far covered by one direct Hiran
surveying action is known to be 884 kms (see page 55, note 20).
Technical problems in the field of surveying arising in connection
with the Shoran method are the main subjects, such as the
calibration of instru ment reaction delay, the measuring and
determining of the minimum sum and the reduction of the measured
lengths to distances on the ground. Fur thermore, the accuracy
achievable with Shoran or the more advanced Hiran system is
discussed in detail, based on the Canadian results obtained during
the period 1949 to 1953 and subsequent experience."
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