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This book introduces the reliability modelling and optimization of
warm standby systems. Warm standby is an attractive redundancy
technique, as it consumes less energy than hot standby and switches
into the active state faster than cold standby. Since a warm
standby component experiences different failure rates in the
standby state and active state, the reliability evaluation is
challenging and the existing works are only restricted to very
special cases. By adapting the decision diagrams, this book
proposes the methodology to evaluate the reliability of different
types of warm standby systems and studies the reliability
optimization. Compared with existing works, the proposed methods
allow the system to have an arbitrary number of components and
allow the failure time distribution of components to observe
arbitrary distributions. From this book, the readers can not only
learn how to evaluate and optimize the reliability of warm standby
systems but also use the methods to study the reliability of other
complex systems.
This collection features four peer-reviewed reviews on phosphorus
uptake and use in crops. The first chapter summarises the progress
in research on root traits associated with phosphorus acquisition,
including root morphology, architecture, biochemistry, colonisation
by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and fine root endophytes. The
chapter also reviews the recent advances in breeding programmes to
improve phosphorus acquisition efficiency. The second chapter
discusses interactions between phosphorus management (phosphorus
rate, source timing, and placement) and diverse cropping systems
and climate and how these interactions are essential to efficient
utilization of phosphorus resources. The third chapter assesses the
key soil, root and microbial processes that influence phosphorus
acquisition with a focus on factors that can be managed to ensure
optimal use of fertiliser and development of root systems for
improved phosphorus acquisition. A case study from Australia is
used to demonstrate how phosphorus efficiency of grasslands can be
improved. The final chapter reviews the environmental effects of
phosphorus fertilisation in agriculture, primarily its impact on
water quality. The chapter considers how future water quality
issues can be mitigated and also examines the cycling, fate and
transport of phosphorus in agriculture.
This book introduces the reliability modelling and optimization of
warm standby systems. Warm standby is an attractive redundancy
technique, as it consumes less energy than hot standby and switches
into the active state faster than cold standby. Since a warm
standby component experiences different failure rates in the
standby state and active state, the reliability evaluation is
challenging and the existing works are only restricted to very
special cases. By adapting the decision diagrams, this book
proposes the methodology to evaluate the reliability of different
types of warm standby systems and studies the reliability
optimization. Compared with existing works, the proposed methods
allow the system to have an arbitrary number of components and
allow the failure time distribution of components to observe
arbitrary distributions. From this book, the readers can not only
learn how to evaluate and optimize the reliability of warm standby
systems but also use the methods to study the reliability of other
complex systems.
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R391
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