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The rapid growth of interest in powders and their surface
properties in many diverse industries prompted the writing of this
book for those who have the need to make meaningful measurements
without the benefit of years of experience. It is intended as an
introduction to some of the elementary theory and experimental
methods used to study the surface area, porosity and density of
powders. It may be found useful by those with little or no training
in solid surfaces who have the need to quickly learn the rudiments
of surface area, density and pore-size measurements. Syosset, New
York S. Lowell May, 1983 J. E. Shields Xl List of symbols Use of
symbols for purposes other than those indicated in the following
list are so defined in the text. Some symbols not shown in this
list are defined in the text. d adsorbate cross-sectional area A
area; condensation coefficient; collision frequency C BET constant
c concentration D diameter; coefficient of thermal diffusion E
adsorption potential f permeability aspect factor F flow rate;
force; feed rate 9 gravitational constant G Gibbs free energy GS
free surface energy h heat of immersion per unit area; height H
enthalpy Hi heat of immersion Hsv heat of adsorption BET intercept;
filament current k thermal conductivity; specific reaction rate K
Harkins-Jura constant I length L heat of liquefaction M mass M
molecular weight n number of moles N number of molecules; number of
particles N Avagadro's number .
The rapid growth of interest in powders and their surface
properties in many diverse industries prompted the writing of this
book for those who have the need to make meaningful measurements
without the benefit of years of experience. It is intended as an
introduction to some of the elementary theory and experimental
methods used to study the surface area, porosity, density, and
particle size of powders. It may be found useful by those with
little or no training in solid surfaces who have the need to learn
quickly the rudiments of surface area, density, pore size, and
particle size measurements. S. Lowell J.E. Shields Symbols Use of
symbols for purposes other than those indicated in the following
table are so defined in the text. Some symbols not shown in the
table are also defined in the text. d adsorbate cross-sectional
area A area; condensation coefficient; collision frequency C BET
constant c concentration D diameter; coefficient of thermal
diffusion E adsorption potential permeability aspect factor f F
flow rate; force; feed rate g gravitational constant G Gibbs free
energy S G free surface energy h heat of immersion per unit area;
height H enthalpy heat of immersion Hi heat of adsorption Hsv BET
intercept; filament current k thermal conductivity; specific
reaction rate K Harkins-Jura constant C length L heat of
liquefaction M mass M molecular weight MPa megapascals number of
moles n number of molecules; number of particles N N Avogadro's
num'ber molecular collisions per square cm per second
The growth of interest in newly developed porous materials has
prompted the writing of this book for those who have the need to
make meaningful measurements without the benefit of years of
experience. One might consider this new book as the 4th edition of
"Powder Surface Area and Porosity" (Lowell & Shields), but for
this new edition we set out to incorporate recent developments in
the understanding of fluids in many types of porous materials, not
just powders. Based on this, we felt that it would be prudent to
change the title to "Characterization of Porous Solids and Powders:
Surface Area, Porosity and Density." This book gives a unique
overview of principles associated with the characterization of
solids with regard to their surface area, pore size, pore volume
and density. It covers methods based on gas adsorption (both physi
and chemisorption), mercury porosimetry and pycnometry. Not only
are the theoretical and experimental basics of these techniques
presented in detail but also, in light of the tremendous progress
made in recent years in materials science and nanotechnology, the
most recent developments are described. In particular, the
application of classical theories and methods for pore size
analysis are contrasted with the most advanced microscopic theories
based on statistical mechanics (e.g. Density Functional Theory and
Molecular Simulation). The characterization of heterogeneous
catalysts is more prominent than in earlier editions; the sections
on mercury porosimetry and particularly chemisorption have been
updated and greatly expanded."
The growth of interest in newly developed porous materials has
prompted the writing of this book for those who have the need to
make meaningful measurements without the benefit of years of
experience. One might consider this new book as the 4th edition of
"Powder Surface Area and Porosity" (Lowell & Shields), but for
this new edition we set out to incorporate recent developments in
the understanding of fluids in many types of porous materials, not
just powders. Based on this, we felt that it would be prudent to
change the title to "Characterization of Porous Solids and Powders:
Surface Area, Porosity and Density." This book gives a unique
overview of principles associated with the characterization of
solids with regard to their surface area, pore size, pore volume
and density. It covers methods based on gas adsorption (both physi
and chemisorption), mercury porosimetry and pycnometry. Not only
are the theoretical and experimental basics of these techniques
presented in detail but also, in light of the tremendous progress
made in recent years in materials science and nanotechnology, the
most recent developments are described. In particular, the
application of classical theories and methods for pore size
analysis are contrasted with the most advanced microscopic theories
based on statistical mechanics (e.g. Density Functional Theory and
Molecular Simulation). The characterization of heterogeneous
catalysts is more prominent than in earlier editions; the sections
on mercury porosimetry and particularly chemisorption have been
updated and greatly expanded."
The rapid growth of interest in powders and their surface
properties in many diverse industries prompted the writing of this
book for those who have the need to make meaningful measurements
without the benefit of years of experience. It is intended as an
introduction to some of the elementary theory and experimental
methods used to study the surface area, porosity, density, and
particle size of powders. It may be found useful by those with
little or no training in solid surfaces who have the need to learn
quickly the rudiments of surface area, density, pore size, and
particle size measurements. S. Lowell J.E. Shields Symbols Use of
symbols for purposes other than those indicated in the following
table are so defined in the text. Some symbols not shown in the
table are also defined in the text. d adsorbate cross-sectional
area A area; condensation coefficient; collision frequency C BET
constant c concentration D diameter; coefficient of thermal
diffusion E adsorption potential permeability aspect factor f F
flow rate; force; feed rate g gravitational constant G Gibbs free
energy S G free surface energy h heat of immersion per unit area;
height H enthalpy heat of immersion Hi heat of adsorption Hsv BET
intercept; filament current k thermal conductivity; specific
reaction rate K Harkins-Jura constant C length L heat of
liquefaction M mass M molecular weight MPa megapascals number of
moles n number of molecules; number of particles N N Avogadro's
num'ber molecular collisions per square cm per second
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