The leading scholars in the rapidly-growing field of language evolution give readable accounts of their theories on the origins of language and reflect on the most important current issues and debates. As well as providing a guide to their own published research in this area they highlight what they see as the most relevant research of others. The authors come from a wide range of disciplines involved in language evolution including linguistics, cognitive science, computational science, primatology, and archaeology.

This book focuses on important decision points and evidence needed for making decisions at these points during the development of a new drug. It takes a holistic approach towards drug development by incorporating explicitly knowledge learned from the earlier part of the development and available historical information into decisions at later stages. In addition, the book shares lessons learned from several select examples published in the literature since the publication of the first edition. The second edition reiterates the need for making evidence-based Go/No Go decisions in drug development discussed in the first edition. It substantially expands several topics that have seen great advances since the publication of the first edition. The most noticeable additions include three adaptive trials conducted in recent years that offer excellent learning opportunities, the use of historical data in the design and analysis of clinical trials, and extending decision criteria to the cases when the primary endpoint is binary. The examples used to illustrate the additional materials all come from real trials with some post-trial reflections offered by the authors. The book begins with an overview of product development and regulatory approval pathways. It then discusses how to incorporate prior knowledge into study design and decision making at different stages of drug development. Prior knowledge includes information pertaining to historical controls. To assist decision making, the book discusses appropriate metrics and the formulation of go/no-go decisions for progressing a drug candidate to the next development stage. Using the concept of the positive predictive value in the field of diagnostics, the book leads readers to the assessment of the probability that an investigational product is effective given positive study outcomes. Lastly, the book points out common mistakes made by drug developers under the current drug-development paradigm. The book offers useful insights to statisticians, clinicians, regulatory affairs managers and decision-makers in the pharmaceutical industry who have a basic understanding of the drug-development process and the clinical trials conducted to support drug-marketing authorization. The authors provide software codes for select analytical approaches discussed in the book. The book includes enough technical details to allow statisticians to replicate the quantitative illustrations so that they can generate information to facilitate decision-making themselves.

This book explores issues at the core of modern linguistics and cognitive science. Why are all languages similar in some ways and in others utterly different? Why do languages change and change variably? How did the human capacity for language evolve, and how far did it do so as an innate ability? Simon Kirby looks at these questions from a broad perspective, arguing that they can (indeed must) be studied together. The author begins by examining how far the universal properties of language may be explained by examining the way it is used, and how far by the way it is structured. He then considers what insights may be gained by combining functional and formal approaches. In doing so he develops a way of treating language as an adaptive system, in which its communicative and formal roles are both crucial and complementary. In order to test the effectiveness of competing theories and explanations, Simon Kirby develops computational models to show what universals emerge given a particular theory of language use or acquisition. He presents here both the methodology and the results. Function, Selection, and Innateness is important for its argument, its methodology, and its conclusions. It is a powerful demonstration of the value of looking at language as an adaptive system and goes to the heart of current debates on the evolution and nature of language.

This book offers a high-level treatise of evidence-based decisions in drug development. Because of the inseparable relationship between designs and decisions, a good portion of this book is devoted to the design of clinical trials. The book begins with an overview of product development and regulatory approval pathways. It then discusses how to incorporate prior knowledge into study design and decision making at different stages of drug development. The latter include selecting appropriate metrics to formulate decisions criteria, determining go/no-go decisions for progressing a drug candidate to the next stage and predicting the effectiveness of a product. Lastly, it points out common mistakes made by drug developers under the current drug-development paradigm. The book offers useful insights to statisticians, clinicians, regulatory affairs managers and decision-makers in the pharmaceutical industry who have a basic understanding of the drug-development process and the clinical trials conducted to support drug-marketing authorization. The authors provide software codes for select analytical approaches discussed in the book. The book includes enough technical details to allow statisticians to replicate the quantitative illustrations so that they can generate information to facilitate decision-making themselves.

This book focuses on important decision points and evidence needed for making decisions at these points during the development of a new drug. It takes a holistic approach towards drug development by incorporating explicitly knowledge learned from the earlier part of the development and available historical information into decisions at later stages. In addition, the book shares lessons learned from several select examples published in the literature since the publication of the first edition. The second edition reiterates the need for making evidence-based Go/No Go decisions in drug development discussed in the first edition. It substantially expands several topics that have seen great advances since the publication of the first edition. The most noticeable additions include three adaptive trials conducted in recent years that offer excellent learning opportunities, the use of historical data in the design and analysis of clinical trials, and extending decision criteria to the cases when the primary endpoint is binary. The examples used to illustrate the additional materials all come from real trials with some post-trial reflections offered by the authors. The book begins with an overview of product development and regulatory approval pathways. It then discusses how to incorporate prior knowledge into study design and decision making at different stages of drug development. Prior knowledge includes information pertaining to historical controls. To assist decision making, the book discusses appropriate metrics and the formulation of go/no-go decisions for progressing a drug candidate to the next development stage. Using the concept of the positive predictive value in the field of diagnostics, the book leads readers to the assessment of the probability that an investigational product is effective given positive study outcomes. Lastly, the book points out common mistakes made by drug developers under the current drug-development paradigm. The book offers useful insights to statisticians, clinicians, regulatory affairs managers and decision-makers in the pharmaceutical industry who have a basic understanding of the drug-development process and the clinical trials conducted to support drug-marketing authorization. The authors provide software codes for select analytical approaches discussed in the book. The book includes enough technical details to allow statisticians to replicate the quantitative illustrations so that they can generate information to facilitate decision-making themselves.

The leading scholars in the rapidly growing field of language evolution give readable accounts of their theories on the origins of language and reflect on the most important current issues and debates. As well as providing a guide to their own published research in this area they highlight what they see as the most relevant research of others. The authors come from a wide range of disciplines involved in language evolution including linguistics, cognitive science, computational science, primatology, and archaeology.