Counterinsurgency is defined as efforts to defeat and confine a rebellion against a constituted authority. While it has become a buzz-word in the last twenty years, it is as old as society itself. This concise history discusses the development of modern counterinsurgency over the last two hundred years, beginning with the origins of modern insurgency from the concept of 'small wars' and colonial warfare, through the ideas of early insurgents including Clausewitz and the theories of Lawrence of Arabia, to the methods of 20th-century insurgents, including Mao and Che Guevara. It then examines a number of post-1945 insurgencies and how western armies have tried to counter them, in particular how the French tried to counter insurgencies in Indochina and Algeria, and then the US in Vietnam, and the reaction to the American experience there. This is compared with the British approach in the years after World War II, particularly in Malaya, but also in Kenya and Northern Ireland. Against that backdrop there is an examination of counterinsurgency in Afghanistan and Iraq, the rise of COIN literature, and the subsequent backlash against that literature. The book concludes with a discussion on the future of COIN.

Structured clinical management (SCM) is a unified approach to the treatment of people with personality disorder, which is within reach of general mental health professionals without extensive additional training. However, implementation can be fraught with difficulties, and clinical leads, managers, and practitioners can struggle to implement SCM across complex mental health systems. This book provides an easy to read, practical, and detailed guide on how mental health services can implement SCM in their current clinical pathways and how clinicians can transform their general techniques into a coherent interventional approach for people with personality disorder. Containing insights from clinical experts, researchers, service users, and practitioners of SCM from across the UK and Europe, each chapter outlines a core aspect of the SCM model and its delivery in clinical services. Detailed case studies demonstrate real-world applications of the SCM model, and details are provided about the involvement of carers and families, along with tips on enhancing clinical outcomes and increasing service user engagement. This book will be a valuable resource for qualified and in-training mental health professionals, including psychologists, nurses, occupational therapists, social workers, and psychiatrists. It is particularly relevant to those involved in delivering first-line treatments to people diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder and other personality difficulties.

Jan Bosch Stuart Mitchell University of Karlskrona/Ronneby University of York Dept of Computer Science Dept of Computer Science SoftCenter, S-372 25, Ronneby, Sweden York, United Kingdom [email protected] [email protected] 1 Introduction Although becoming more accepted in software industry, object-oriented technology still is an active ?eld of research with many issues remaining to be addressed. This workshop reader, in a way, presents the width of the ongoing research activities in object-orientation. However, we feel one can classify these activities into three cate- ries: * Domain-speci?c: Several activities focus on a single application, e.g. telec- munication, or computer-science, e.g. real-time and mobility, domain. Research tries to address the domain-speci?c problems of object-oriented technology. * Design issues: Object-oriented design has been an issue for at least a decade, but one can identify an increasing focus on formal approaches and on the evo- tion and re-engineering of existing object-oriented software. * Beyond object-orientation: The object-oriented paradigm will, at some point, be replaced by a subsequent paradigm and several research efforts investigate alternative or extended approaches. Examples are extended language expr- siveness for, e.g. design patterns and frameworks, component-oriented p- gramming and aspect-oriented programming. 2 Contents The remainder of this book is a selection and re-iteration of the contributions to 12 workshops (of a total of 15) held during the ECOOP'97 conference. The workshops generally relate to one of the above categories.

Between 1792 and 1945, the character of warfare changed. Battalions standing shoulder to shoulder during the Napoleonic era gave way to the industrialised, modern armies of the First and Second World Wars. The organisation and operational methods of the major military powers dramatically altered during this period and the British forces were no different. From the transition of the Royal Navy's ships to oil from coal to the creation of an independent air force in 1918, the British military pioneered key innovations that affected the character of war on land, sea and air. To date, many commentators and historians have focused on contemporary debates or specific historical examples. A Military Transformed? Adaptation and Innovation in the British Military from 1792 to 1945 brings many of these debates together and forms a broader picture. The complexity of change in the British Army, Royal Navy and Royal Air Force is explored in chapters drawing on new and original research. Examples covered include the British military performance in the Napoleonic Wars, the developments of the Army medical services in the late-nineteenth century, the Royal Navy's introduction of the Whitehead torpedo in the 1870s, air power doctrine on the eve of the First World War, British Army reorganisation in 1918 and amphibious operations in the Second World War. Spanning the period of both peace and war this ground-breaking survey illustrates the different drivers for transformation and innovation. Culture, technology, tactics, organisation, personality, doctrine, command and context have all shaped the speed and development of the British Forces. A Military Transformed? Adaptation and Innovation in the British Military from 1792 to 1945 shows that while it was neither a revolutionary nor a conservative organisation, the British military certainly evolved and reacted to the character of warfare in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; even if change, at times, did not come easily.

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