Tobias Albrecht Kumpmann wertet aktuelle Studien zum Risikomanagement in mittelstandischen Unternehmen hinsichtlich Vorsorge und Einsatz betriebswirtschaftlicher Methoden zur Verhutung von Risiken aus und generiert daraus Hypothesen fur weiteren Forschungs- und Handlungsbedarf im Mittelstand. Es stellt sich heraus, dass Controlling-Methoden im Mittelstand nicht genugend eingesetzt werden. Dies beeintrachtigt das Risikomanagement negativ.

In biology, signal transduction is the transmission of information into and within the cell. Signal transduction events within a cell are often initiated from an extracellular cue. Current knowledge suggests that there are far fewer intracellular second messengers than extracellular cues. This means that a conserved core set of second messengers, including ions, small nucleotides, and lipids must be coordinated to pass the information from their point of origin to their audience receptors effectively. In many cases, signal transduction involves significant amplification. One of the best-understood and ubiquitous second messengers is ionic calcium (Ca2+). The knowledge surrounding the coding of information via Ca2+ signals has served as a template for studying other second messengers. Ca2+ signaling and intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis are highly complex and still incompletely understood. In this chapter, will we review the current knowledge of Ca2+ signaling. We will first provide a review of the general principles of Ca2+ signal transduction and examples of some of the major Ca2+-dependent cellular processes. Next, we will review the main sources of Ca2+ and the molecular effectors of Ca2+ signals. Then, we will provide some examples from the literature that illustrate how Ca2+ signaling works: how it can mediate signal amplification, how it encodes different types of signals, how it performs agonist-specific signals as well as function-specific signals, signal integration and co-incidence detection, and how it can cross-talk with other second messenger signaling events. Throughout this chapter, we will use Ca2+ as an example of a prototypical coded second messenger, since it is clear that much of the complexity of Ca2+ signaling likely applies to many of the other known second messengers.

Seminar paper from the year 2013 in the subject Economics - Finance, grade: 1,0, University of Massachusetts Boston, language: English, abstract: As widely recognized, financial systems play an important role for economic growth. The German as well as the American economy seemed to be both very successful over the last decade in terms of GDP growth. Although both economies are successful, their financial systems differ widely. While the American system is strongly capital market-based, banks play the dominant role in the German financial system. As it was for a long time a purely bank-based system, it represented a unique financial system around the world. In this paper, I will point out the main features of the traditional German financial system. I will mainly focus on the role and structure of the financial sector, financing patterns of firms, and the German corporate governance system. So far, most academic literature has concentrated on the peculiarities of the "old" German financial system. In the following paper, recent developments will also be included. Major changes and trends of the German financial system since the begin-nings of the 2000s will be outlined, leading to the question if the system underwent a process of transformation from a bank-based to a capital market-based financial system. I will begin with a brief summary of the basic definitions, concepts and classifications that are necessary to describe and analyze the German financial system. In chapter 3, the "old" German financial system, called an international prototype of a bank-based system, is outlined. After ex-plaining the main elements of the "old" German financial system focusing on the financial sector, financing patterns of firms and the corporate governance system, recent changes and develop-ments since the 2000s will follow in chapter 4. Within chapter 4, the current state of the German financial system will be described with an emphasis on developments that could have led to a tra