Despite its increasing importance, the verification and validation of the human-machine interface is perhaps the most overlooked aspect of system development. Although much has been written about the design and developmentprocess, very little organized information is available on how to verifyand validate highly complex and highly coupled dynamic systems. Inability toevaluate such systems adequately may become the limiting factor in our ability to employ systems that our technology and knowledge allow us to design. This volume, based on a NATO Advanced Science Institute held in 1992, is designed to provide guidance for the verification and validation of all highly complex and coupled systems. Air traffic control isused an an example to ensure that the theory is described in terms that will allow its implementation, but the results can be applied to all complex and coupled systems. The volume presents the knowledge and theory ina format that will allow readers from a wide variety of backgrounds to apply it to the systems for which they are responsible. The emphasis is on domains where significant advances have been made in the methods of identifying potential problems and in new testing methods and tools. Also emphasized are techniques to identify the assumptions on which a system is built and to spot their weaknesses.

Despite its increasing importance, the verification and validation of the human-machine interface is perhaps the most overlooked aspect of system development. Although much has been written about the design and developmentprocess, very little organized information is available on how to verifyand validate highly complex and highly coupled dynamic systems. Inability toevaluate such systems adequately may become the limiting factor in our ability to employ systems that our technology and knowledge allow us to design. This volume, based on a NATO Advanced Science Institute held in 1992, is designed to provide guidance for the verification and validation of all highly complex and coupled systems. Air traffic control isused an an example to ensure that the theory is described in terms that will allow its implementation, but the results can be applied to all complex and coupled systems. The volume presents the knowledge and theory ina format that will allow readers from a wide variety of backgrounds to apply it to the systems for which they are responsible. The emphasis is on domains where significant advances have been made in the methods of identifying potential problems and in new testing methods and tools. Also emphasized are techniques to identify the assumptions on which a system is built and to spot their weaknesses.

In recent years, increases in the amount and changes in the distribution of air traffic have been very dramatic and are continuing. The need for changes in the current air traffic systems is equally clear. While automation is generally accepted as a method of improving system safety and performance, high levels of automation in complex human-machine systems can have a negative effect on total system performance and have been identified as contributing factors in many accidents and failures. Those responsible for designing the advanced air traffic control systems to be implemented throughout the alliance during the next decade need to be aware of recent progress concerning the most effective application of automation and artificial intelligence in human-computer systems. This volume gives the proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held in Maratea, Italy, June 18-29, 1990, at which these issues were discussed.

A complete examination of issues and concepts relating to human factors in simulation, this book covers theory and application in space, ships, submarines, naval aviation, and commercial aviation. The authors examine issues of simulation and their effect on the validity and functionality of simulators as a training device. The chapters contain in depth discussions of these particular characteristics and issues. They also incorporate theories pertaining to the motivational aspects of training, simulation of social events, and PC based simulation.

Table of Contents

Introduction

A Historical Overview of Human Factors in Aviation, J.M. Koonce and A. Debons

Aviation Research and Development: A Framework for the Eff ective Practice of Human Factors, or “What Your Mentor Never Told You about a Career in Human Factors…” J.E. Deaton and J.G. Morrison

Measurement in Aviation Systems, D. Meister and V. Gawron

Underpinnings of System Evaluation, M.A. Wise, D.W. Abbott, J.A. Wise, and S.A. Wise

Organizational Factors Associated with Safety and Mission Success in Aviation Environments, R. Westrum and A.J. Adamski

Human Capabilities and Performance

Engineering Safe Aviation Systems: Balancing Resilience and Stability, B. Johansson and J. Lundberg

Processes Underlying Human Performance, L. Bainbridge

Automation in Aviation Systems: Issues and Considerations, M. Mouloua, P. Hancock, L. Jones, and D. Vincenzi

Team Process, K.A. Wilson, J.W. Guthrie, E. Salas, and W.R. Howse

Crew Resource Management, D.E. Maurino and P.S. Murray

Fatigue and Biological Rhythms, G. Costa

Situation Awareness in Aviation Systems, M.R. Endsley

Aircraft

Personnel Selection and Training, D.L. Pohlman and J.D. Fletcher

Pilot Performance, L. Hitchcock, S. Bourgeois-Bougrine, and P. Cabon

Controls, Displays, and Crew Station Design, K. Liggett

Flight Deck Aesthetics and Pilot Performance: New Uncharted Seas, A.J. Gannon

Helicopters, B.E. Hamilton

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, N.J. Cooke and H.K. Pedersen

Air Traffic Control

Flight Simulation, W.F. Moroney and B.W. Moroney

Air Traffic Control, M.S. Nolan

Air-Traffic Controller Memory, E.S. Stein, D.J. Garland, and J.K. Muller

Air-Traffic Control Automation, V.D. Hopkin

Aviation Operations and Design

Air Traffic Control/Flight Deck Integration, K. Kerns

Intelligent Interfaces, J.M. Hammer

Weather Information Presentation, T.A. Lindholm

Aviation Maintenance,C.G. Drury

Civil Aviation Security, G.D. Gibb and R.J. Lofaro

Incident and Accident Investigation, S. Baker

Forensic Aviation Human Factors: Accident/Incident Analyses for Legal Proceedings, R.D. Gilson and E.L. Facci

Index