During the past 20 years, celJ biology has made immense strides which have completely transformed the time-honored morphological hematology of yesterday. This progress is primarily due to the introduction of new techniques which allow functional rather than anatomic studies: labeling techniques have made possible the study of celJ kinetics from birth to death of a celJ: culture techniques (both in vivo and in vitro) have made it possible to establish the progeny of certain stern celJs, their growth poten tiaL and the mechanisms of their regulation. The results have been so impressive and have so aroused the enthusiasm 01' young hematologists that it has become fashionable in so me quarters to consider the microscope an "extinct instrument" and morphology littlc more than an outmoded (if agreeable) pastime of little scientific interest. One of the consequences is the wish of some investigators to study cytology without the aid of their eyes. The present book makes us realize once more that morphology is the science of structure and shape and that its aim is not to colJect pictures but to understand them. It is true that microscopic observation, even when made with the electron microscope, cannot by itself answer some basic questions of celJ biology. However, the hematologist who uses only a single technique is like a person who would describe the world from the point of view of a single sensory organ and would refuse the aid of the others.

A comprehensive history of economic thought in the United States from 1790 to 1860  Due to the enormous influence of Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations on Western liberal economics, a tradition closely linked to the United States, many scholars assume that early American economists were committed to Smith's ideas of free trade and small government. Debunking this belief, Christopher W. Calvo provides a comprehensive history of the nation's economic thought from 1790 to 1860, tracing the development of a uniquely American understanding of capitalism. The Emergence of Capitalism in Early America shows how American economists challenged, adjusted, and adopted the ideas of European thinkers such as Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Thomas Malthus to suit their particular interests. Calvo not only explains the divisions between American free trade and the version put forward by Smith, but he also discusses the sharp differences between northern and southern liberal economists. Emergent capitalism fostered a dynamic discourse in early America, including a homegrown version of socialism burgeoning in antebellum industrial quarters, as well as a reactionary brand of conservative economic thought circulating on slave plantations across the Old South. This volume also traces the origins and rise of nineteenth-century protectionism, a system that Calvo views as the most authentic expression of American political economy. Finally, Calvo examines early Americans' awkward relationship with capitalism's most complex institution—finance. Grounded in the economic debates, Atlantic conversations, political milieu, and material realities of the antebellum era, this book demonstrates that American thinkers fused different economic models, assumptions, and interests into a unique hybrid-capitalist system that shaped the trajectory of the nation's economy.

Die Orthologie und Pathologie des Wachstums und der Differenzierung waren schon Gegenstand des 1955 erschienenen Bandes VI!I dieses Handbuches. Seine von Biologen und Pathologen verfassten Kapitel stutzten sieh auf die Ergebnisse der klassischen Morphologie. Die morphologischen Probleme des Wachstums standen dabei ganz im Mittelpunkt. Mit der systematischen Anwendung biochemischer Methoden, der Histo- autoradiographie zur Markierung der Reduplikationsphase der DNS sowie der RNS- und Protein-Synthese, der Cytophotometrie zur quantitativen Messung der Nueleinsauren und schliesslich der elektronenmikroskopischen Cytologie standen in der Erforschung der Orthologie und Pathologie des Wachstums seit einem .Jahrzehnt Methoden von vorher ungeahnter Aussagekraft zur Velfugung. So wird jeder, der sich in den vorliegenden Band vertieft, feststellen, dass der Einsatz dieser Methoden zu einer sturmischen Entfaltung der Erforschung von Wachstum und Differenzierung gefuhrt hat. In der Konfrontierung dieses Bandes mit dem 1955 erschienenen wird er zugleich voller Respekt erkennen, wievieles schon in der klassischen Biologie und Pathologie zu diesem Thema grundgelegt war und bis heute fortwirkt. Im ersten Beitrag des vorliegenden Bandes vermittelt R. SCH1NDLER-Bern einen UEberblick uber die Biochemie der Regeneration. Er berichtet uber Struktur und Synthese der DNS, deren Stoerungen durch chemische Faktoren und strahlende Energie, eroertert die RNS-Synthese sowie die Synthese der Proteine und ihre Stoerungen. Ausfuhrlich stellt er dann die Regulation und den Ablauf der biochemischen Vorgange wahrend der Regenerationsprozesse am Beispiel der Oberflachenepithelien, der Zellkulturen und bei der Leberregeneration dar und behandelt schliesslich die Frage nach den Proliferations-ausloesenden bio- chemischen Faktoren.