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His scientific contributions are regarded as classics: the studies
about the insulin effect on adipose tissue (together with George F.
Cahill Jr. ), his work on the biosyn- thesis and secretion of
insulin (together with Lelio Orci and Claes W ollheim) and his
studies on various spontaneous and induced diabetes syndromes in
rodents (together with Bernard Jeanrenaud and Eleazar Shafrir).
Albert Renold will be remembered for a long time by all who knew
him for his achievements, for his kindness and his humanity. We
dedicate the Proceedings of this symposium to his memory. Werner
Creutzfeldt Pierre Lefebvre G6ttingen Liege History and Philosophy
of Bayer Pharmaceutical Research W. -D. Busse Fachbereich Forschung
Pharma, Bayer AG, D-5600 Wuppertal, FRG Research has a long
tradition at Bayer. This year, 1988, marks 100 years of our
pharmaceutical activities. In 1888 the first Bayer drug -
phenacetin, an antipyreti- was synthesized, starting from a
by-product of dye manufacture. This finding led to the
establishment of a Pharmaceutical Department within Friedrich Bayer
and Co. in Elberfeld, with all its associated facilities (Fig. 1).
The beginning of the company itself, however, dates back to 1863.
In that year, Friedrich Bayer started the produc- tion of aniline
dyestuffs in his private house in Barmen-Rittershausen. During the
125 years of the company's life and the 100 years of
pharmaceuticals, many developments and products have been
discovered by Bayer researchers and launched by Bayer.
The problem of treating diabetes mellitus seemed to have been
solved by the discovery of insulin and the production of purified
crystalline insulin compounds whose time of effect can be varied by
using different additions. Orally applicable substances for
reducing the blood-sugar level have been searched for in order to
free the diabetic from the necessity of daily injections. There are
also other reasons for this research. Pathophysiological
investigations in diabetes mellitus have shown that metabolic
errors are not always based on a simple insulin deficiency but that
in many cases other insulin antagonistic factors playa part. For
instance, the concept of deficiency diabetes growth-onset type,
usually found in juveniles and ectomorphs, was contrasted with the
concept of hypertensive diabetes (R. SCHMIDT 1924, 1930) or
"Gegenregulationsdiabetes" (BERTRAM) or, "Oberfunktionsdia betes"
(BARTELHEIMER 1940) or "Lipoplethoric- diabetes" (LAWRENCE) in
which there is a positive correlation to the adipose hyperplastic
habitus with hypertensive tendencies (BARTELHEIMER 1940, ApPELS
1951). In this type of diabetes there is no ketosis tendency and a
low insulin- glucose equivalent, i. e. relative insulin resistance
(F ALTA) due to a hormonal imba- lance (too much
blood-sugar-raising hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary
lobe and the supra-renals and possibly also glucagon) or, to
increased insulin de- gradation in the organism, especially the
liver (insulinase system, MIRSKY 1949, 1956).
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