Science and technology in former socialist Central and East European countries underwent a period of transformation in the last decade of the twentieth century. With respect to the past, this represents the restructuring of the old system. With respect to the twenty-first century, however, this serves as the turbulent starting phase in the transition to new national innovation systems. Based on the contributors' many years of research in this area, this book analyzes these processes in detail for fourteen countries, reveals common features and differences in the transitional phase, and infers the prospects for the development of science and technology in Eastern Europe in the framework of EU enlargement.