STEREOSCOPIC PHOTOGRAPHY ITS APPLICATION TO SCIENCE, INDUSTRY AND EDUCATION By ARTHUR W. JUDGE Associate of Royal College of Science, London. Diplcmate of Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, Jfbttworth Scholar. Member Royal Photographical Society. Late Senior Technical Assistant in Charge Aerial Photography Research, Air Ministry SECOND EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED LONDON n, HENRIETTA STREET, W. C. 2 1935 PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION SINCE the first edition of this book was written there has been a good deal of progress in stereoscopy, notably in its commercial and scientific applications there has also been a number of important developments in connection with the apparatus used for stereoscopic methods and photography. The present edition has been partly re-written and extended to bring it up to date in these respects no less than 94 pages have been added for this purpose. Whilst amateur stereoscopic photography has not made any noticeable progress in this country, there is still an appreciable number of keen workers enthusiastically pursuing this fascinating branch of photography. On the Continent, however, there is much more interest taken by the amateur in this work. The use of commercial stereoscopic photographs has extended considerably in recent years and many travellers representing commercial firms now carry round a stereoscope and set of photographs to illustrate their firms products instead of taking samples or flat photographs. One large electrical concern has found it profitable to have most of its spare parts photographed stereoscopically and the complete set of views sent to all its agencies in different parts of the world. There have been some importantdevelopments in the scientific side in connection with optical apparatus for examining the eye and the interior of the stomach, in microscopy, X-ray crystal analysis, X-ray examination of materials and persons, aerial survey work, etc. Most of these items are referred to in the present edition. A good deal of attention has been given to the subject of stereoscopic projection of cine pictures, in order to obtain natural relief effects upon the screen of the cinema. Although, from time to time, somewhat extravagant claims have been made for certain vii PREFACE new systems, with the exception, perhaps, of Dr. Ives limited experimental solution of the problem, none of these appear to have been successful at the time of going to press. The section of the original edition on stereoscopic projection has been extended considerably and accounts are given of Dr. Ives new method and of Bairds television scheme for trans mitting stereoscopic pictures by wireless. In revising the earlier edition the opportunity has been taken to correct one or two errors that crept into it. In conclusion the author wishes to acknowledge the valuable assistance and useful suggestions of Messrs. W. E. Dowdy in connection with flower photography and microscopy and J. F. Stirling in regard to miscellaneous applications of stereoscopy and R. B. Willcock commercial photography. A. W. JUDGE. Farnham, 1935. vni CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY . CHAPTER II THE CAUSES OF STEREOSCOPIC VISION 4 CHAPTER III PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLES IN STEREOSCOPY ..... 34 CHAPTER IV STEREOSCOPY WITH A SINGLE LENS CAMERA ..... 42 CHAPTER V THE SELECTION OF CAMERAS AND ACCESSORIES ..... 60 CHAPTER VI STEREOSCOPIC CAMERAS ......... 73 CHAPTER VIITHE VIEWING OF STERKOGRAMS ...... CHAPTER VIII PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES AND NOTES .... CHAPTER IX STEREOSCOPIC PHOTOGRAPHY OF SMALL OBJECTS 159 CHAPTER X THE WIDE ANGIE STEREOGRAM 166 IX CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER XI PSEUDO-STEREOSCOPIC RESULTS 171 CHAPTER XII MONOCULAR VISION RELIEF IMPRESSIONS 178 CHAPTER XIII SOME STEREOSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS 183 CHAPTER XIV STEREOSCOPIC APPLICATIONS AND CURIOSITIES . . . . .195 CHAPTER XV ANAGLYPHS . . . . . . . . . . .213 CHAPTER XVI EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS CHAPTER XVII STEREOSCOPY AND MICROSCOPY ........

The necessity for a reprint of the previous edition of this Manual has afforded an opportunity of bringing the information in certain parts of the book up to date, by the addition of a new Chapter 13 which deals with the more important developments that have occurred in the interim. This method has been adopted in order to simplify and to expedite the preparation of the present edition. As with the other Manuals of the Series, the elementary method of treatment of the subject has been retained, but where considered necessary some theoretical aspects are discussed. The previous edition has been checked and where desirable certain minor altera tions and improvements have been made in order to clarify the text. There have been several important developments in electrical components and wiring methods since the last edition, the more interesting of which have included the wider use of electronics in the design and construction of certain automobile parts. Examples of these are the use of transistors, diodes and printed circuits on flat and flexible bases, notably for instrument panels, while minia turized versions of printed circuits are finding wider applications in automobile components, e.g. for alternator voltage control units. In order to assist the non-technical reader, for whom these Manuals were originally intended, a brief outline of the theory and applications of diodes and transistors has been included to help him to understand the circuits using these modern components."

Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) are unique economic and governance events as privately held firms issue common stock or shares to the public for the first time. The governance issues surrounding IPOs are relatively unexamined compared to more established, and usually larger, firms. As such, they provide a unique context to study corporate governance and its development around the world. Based on a collaborative international research project, this book analyses the corporate governance of IPOs in twenty-one countries, each of which is characterized by different governance environments and different levels of IPO activity. The end result is a broad and deep assessment of governance practices and IPO activity for an array of economies that represent roughly 80 percent of the global economy. These chapters collectively provide new insights into what a global theory of corporate governance might look like and offer guidance to policy makers and academics regarding national governance configurations.

Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) are unique economic and governance events as privately held firms issue common stock or shares to the public for the first time. The governance issues surrounding IPOs are relatively unexamined compared to more established, and usually larger, firms. As such, they provide a unique context to study corporate governance and its development around the world. Based on a collaborative international research project, this book analyses the corporate governance of IPOs in twenty-one countries, each of which is characterized by different governance environments and different levels of IPO activity. The end result is a broad and deep assessment of governance practices and IPO activity for an array of economies that represent roughly 80 percent of the global economy. These chapters collectively provide new insights into what a global theory of corporate governance might look like and offer guidance to policy makers and academics regarding national governance configurations.

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STEREOSCOPIC PHOTOGRAPHY ITS APPLICATION TO SCIENCE, INDUSTRY AND EDUCATION By ARTHUR W. JUDGE Associate of Royal College of Science, London. Diplcmate of Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, Jfbttworth Scholar. Member Royal Photographical Society. Late Senior Technical Assistant in Charge Aerial Photography Research, Air Ministry SECOND EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED LONDON n, HENRIETTA STREET, W. C. 2 1935 PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION SINCE the first edition of this book was written there has been a good deal of progress in stereoscopy, notably in its commercial and scientific applications there has also been a number of important developments in connection with the apparatus used for stereoscopic methods and photography. The present edition has been partly re-written and extended to bring it up to date in these respects no less than 94 pages have been added for this purpose. Whilst amateur stereoscopic photography has not made any noticeable progress in this country, there is still an appreciable number of keen workers enthusiastically pursuing this fascinating branch of photography. On the Continent, however, there is much more interest taken by the amateur in this work. The use of commercial stereoscopic photographs has extended considerably in recent years and many travellers representing commercial firms now carry round a stereoscope and set of photographs to illustrate their firms products instead of taking samples or flat photographs. One large electrical concern has found it profitable to have most of its spare parts photographed stereoscopically and the complete set of views sent to all its agencies in different parts of the world. There have been some importantdevelopments in the scientific side in connection with optical apparatus for examining the eye and the interior of the stomach, in microscopy, X-ray crystal analysis, X-ray examination of materials and persons, aerial survey work, etc. Most of these items are referred to in the present edition. A good deal of attention has been given to the subject of stereoscopic projection of cine pictures, in order to obtain natural relief effects upon the screen of the cinema. Although, from time to time, somewhat extravagant claims have been made for certain vii PREFACE new systems, with the exception, perhaps, of Dr. Ives limited experimental solution of the problem, none of these appear to have been successful at the time of going to press. The section of the original edition on stereoscopic projection has been extended considerably and accounts are given of Dr. Ives new method and of Bairds television scheme for trans mitting stereoscopic pictures by wireless. In revising the earlier edition the opportunity has been taken to correct one or two errors that crept into it. In conclusion the author wishes to acknowledge the valuable assistance and useful suggestions of Messrs. W. E. Dowdy in connection with flower photography and microscopy and J. F. Stirling in regard to miscellaneous applications of stereoscopy and R. B. Willcock commercial photography. A. W. JUDGE. Farnham, 1935. vni CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY . CHAPTER II THE CAUSES OF STEREOSCOPIC VISION 4 CHAPTER III PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLES IN STEREOSCOPY ..... 34 CHAPTER IV STEREOSCOPY WITH A SINGLE LENS CAMERA ..... 42 CHAPTER V THE SELECTION OF CAMERAS AND ACCESSORIES ..... 60 CHAPTER VI STEREOSCOPIC CAMERAS ......... 73 CHAPTER VIITHE VIEWING OF STERKOGRAMS ...... CHAPTER VIII PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES AND NOTES .... CHAPTER IX STEREOSCOPIC PHOTOGRAPHY OF SMALL OBJECTS 159 CHAPTER X THE WIDE ANGIE STEREOGRAM 166 IX CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER XI PSEUDO-STEREOSCOPIC RESULTS 171 CHAPTER XII MONOCULAR VISION RELIEF IMPRESSIONS 178 CHAPTER XIII SOME STEREOSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS 183 CHAPTER XIV STEREOSCOPIC APPLICATIONS AND CURIOSITIES . . . . .195 CHAPTER XV ANAGLYPHS . . . . . . . . . . .213 CHAPTER XVI EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS CHAPTER XVII STEREOSCOPY AND MICROSCOPY ........