This book focuses on the design of a Mega-Gray (a standard unit of total ionizing radiation) radiation-tolerant ps-resolution time-to-digital converter (TDC) for a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system used in a gamma-radiation environment. Several radiation-hardened-by-design (RHBD) techniques are demonstrated throughout the design of the TDC and other circuit techniques to improve the TDC's resolution in a harsh environment are also investigated. Readers can learn from scratch how to design a radiation-tolerant IC. Information regarding radiation effects, radiation-hardened design techniques and  measurements are organized in such a way that readers can easily gain a thorough understanding of the topic. Readers will also learn the design theory behind the newly proposed delta-sigma TDC. Readers can quickly acquire knowledge about the design of radiation-hardened bandgap voltage references and low-jitter relaxation oscillators, which are introduced in the content from a designer's perspective.   ·         Discusses important aspects of radiation-tolerant analog IC design, including realistic applications and radiation effects on ICs; ·         Demonstrates radiation-hardened-by-design techniques through a design-test-radiation assessment practice; ·         Describes a new type of Time-to-Digital (TDC) converter designed for radiation-tolerant application; ·         Explains the design and measurement of all functional blocks (e.g., bandgap reference, relaxation oscillator) in the TDC.

This book focuses on the design of a Mega-Gray (a standard unit of total ionizing radiation) radiation-tolerant ps-resolution time-to-digital converter (TDC) for a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system used in a gamma-radiation environment. Several radiation-hardened-by-design (RHBD) techniques are demonstrated throughout the design of the TDC and other circuit techniques to improve the TDC's resolution in a harsh environment are also investigated. Readers can learn from scratch how to design a radiation-tolerant IC. Information regarding radiation effects, radiation-hardened design techniques and measurements are organized in such a way that readers can easily gain a thorough understanding of the topic. Readers will also learn the design theory behind the newly proposed delta-sigma TDC. Readers can quickly acquire knowledge about the design of radiation-hardened bandgap voltage references and low-jitter relaxation oscillators, which are introduced in the content from a designer's perspective. * Discusses important aspects of radiation-tolerant analog IC design, including realistic applications and radiation effects on ICs; * Demonstrates radiation-hardened-by-design techniques through a design-test-radiation assessment practice; * Describes a new type of Time-to-Digital (TDC) converter designed for radiation-tolerant application; * Explains the design and measurement of all functional blocks (e.g., bandgap reference, relaxation oscillator) in the TDC.

Transportation routing has been enhanced by the research and development in both Geographic Information System (GIS) and network analysis. This book furthers the advancement by tackling transportation routing for an extensive area with real-time events. An open framework was introduced by: 1) leveraging microscopic transportation simulation for travel time estimation and prediction; 2) incorporating road weather information as an example of real-time event; 3) identifying the shortest-path in a space-time network; 4) enabling Grid computing in both traffic simulation over large areas and routing for massive concurrent user requests; and 5) integrating web-based GIServices based upon interoperability approaches. This book is for people who are interested in research and developments of cyber-infrastructure applications, transportation networks and topology analyses, distributed geospatial information processing, and geospatial interoperability.