This focused case study analyses the roots of super-diversity in a place where immigration is an emerging phenomenon, Northwestern Spain (Galicia). It is characterized by a mostly rural population, an aging demographic, and a historically depressed economy. Yet the region has recently experienced a significant increase in immigration - a reversal of the region's historically pronounced trend of emigration. To understand immigration in its early stages, this book takes a historical approach that focuses on diversities that go beyond nationality. It explores local yet international phenomena such as different patterns of return migration, transnational community and familial relationships, and niche labour markets. The book takes a broad interdisciplinary perspective, drawing on sociology, anthropology, history, sociolinguistics, literature, and education, to provide a detailed case study analysis. While the case is specific, many other geographic regions will share some of the factors the book explores. Understanding how these factors interact will provide a useful point of contrast for analysing them in a range of other international contexts.

China's stunning growth rates have corresponded with the rise of 'state capitalism'. Since the mid-2000s, China's political economy has stabilized around a model where most sectors are marketized and increasingly integrated with the global economy; yet strategic industries remain firmly in the grasp of an elite empire of state-owned enterprises. What are the implications of state capitalism for industrial competitiveness, corporate governance, government-business relations, and domestic welfare? How does China's model of state capitalism compare with other examples of state-directed development in late industrializing countries? As China enters a phase of more modest growth, it is especially timely to understand how its institutions have adapted to new challenges and party-state priorities. In this volume, leading scholars of China's economy, politics, history, and society explore these compelling issues.

There has been little analysis of the constitutional framework for management of the UK economy, either in constitutional law or regulatory studies. This is in contrast to many other countries where the concept of an 'economic constitution' is well established, as it is in the law of the European Union. Given the extensive role of the state in attempting to resolve recent financial crises in the UK and elsewhere in Europe, it is particularly important to develop such an analysis. This book sets out different meanings of an economic constitution, and applies them to key areas of economic management, including taxation and public borrowing, the management of public spending, (including the Spending Review), monetary policy, financial services regulation, industrial policy (including state shareholdings) and government contracting. It analyses the key institutions involved such as the Treasury and the Bank of England, also including a number of less well-known bodies such as the Office for Budget Responsibility. There is also coverage of the international context in which these institutions operate especially the European Union and the World Trade Organisation. It thus provides an account of the public law applying to economic management in the UK. This book also adopts a critical approach, assessing the degree to which there is coherence in the arrangements for economic management, the degree to which economic policy-making is constrained by constitutional norms, and the degree to which economic management is subject to deliberation and accountability through Parliament, the courts and other institutions.

This book introduces embodied innovations into the circle of already recognised causes of economic crises. The author shows how issues of investment, accumulation and structural change associated with embodied innovations can be used to monitor potential crisis. The author argues that crises are predictable and manageable in depth.

This book explores the dynamic processes in economic systems, concentrating on the extraction and use of the natural resources required to meet economic needs. Sections cover methods for dynamic modeling in economics, microeconomic models of firms, modeling optimal use of both nonrenewable and renewable resources, and chaos in economic models. This book does not require a substantial background in mathematics or computer science.

As businesses, consumers, and investors make key financial decisions amid Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU), there is the danger that many might freeze investment projects and hiring, leading to contractions of the economy. These are evident in the Indian economy as a whole and specifically in Indian stock markets indices such as the BSE Sensex and Nifty 50, import and export figures, T-bills, FDI, FPI, and GDP. In this important and timely work, Ghosh and Bagchi examine variables and phenomenon from April 2003 to January 2022, encompassing: * The global financial recession period (December 2007 to June 2009) * The pre-recession period (April 2003 to November 2007) * The post-recession along with pre-COVID-19 period (July 2009 to February 2020) * The COVID-19 period (March 2020 to January 2022) * The Russia-Ukraine Conflict Period (September 2021 to July 2022) This is essential reading for scholars and practitioners dealing with Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) in the Indian context, and in macro-economics at large.

This edited volume takes a closer look at various European pension-plan models and the recent challenges, trends and predictions related to the design of such schemes. The contributors analyse new ideas, both from national governments and European institutions, and consider current debates on topics such as the Capital Markets Union (CMU) and the so-called 'European Pillar of Social Rights' - calling for a new approach to social policy at the European level in response to common challenges, such as ageing and the digital revolution.This interdisciplinary work embraces economic, financial and legal perspectives, while focusing on previously selected coherence aspects in order to ensure that the analyses are comprehensive and globally consistent.

This Open Access book offers a novel view on the benefits of a lasting variation between the member states in the EU. In order to bring together thirty very different European states and their citizens, the EU will have to offer more scope for variation. Unlike the existing differentiation by means of opt-outs and deviations, variation is not a concession intended to resolve impasses in negotiations; it is, rather, a different structuring principle. It takes differences in needs and in democratically supported convictions seriously. A common core remains necessary, specifically concerning the basic principles of democracy, rule of law, fundamental rights and freedoms, and the common market. By taking this approach, the authors remove the pressure to embrace uniformity from the debate about the EU's future. The book discusses forms of variation that fall both within and outside the current framework of European Union Treaties. The scope for these variations is mapped out in three domains: the internal market; the euro; and asylum, migration and border control.

The purpose of this book is to discuss the relationship between information and distribution, with special reference to the role of the merchant in a market economy under conditions of risk and uncertainty. By working with simple models of the market economy and conducting a sequence of comparative analyses, the authors shed new light on an important yet rather neglected area in economics. In a historical perspective, the merchants of Ohmi, the former name of Shiga Prefecture in western Japan, are known to have put great faith in the principles of Sampo Yoshi or the all-around advantages of trading. It is hoped that the results presented in this book will provide some solid ground for such an old principle that can be seen in a new light. Applications to regional and many related problems are also discussed here. A distribution system is broadly defined as the systematic mechanisms and structures that regulate business operations, and its function is to maximize corporate value. Some of the following functions have previously been identified as distinguishing features of the Japanese distribution system compared with distribution systems in Europe and the United States: not only transactions, transportation, and storage, but also information, risk-bearing functions, and other characteristics. This book provides an overview of the distribution system in Japan, including changes that its practice have undergone and its current state; identifies current problems; and considers how these problems should be addressed.

In this 36th volume of Research in Economic History, editors Christopher Hanes and Susan Wolcott assemble a cohort of experts to present new historical data, analyses of historical questions, and an investigation of historians' networks. The volume covers a range of ideas, beginning with a look in to new data from the sources of Swiss comparative advantage in the time of the first globalization, and of funding for investments in Russian human capital from the late imperial period to the present. A third paper turns to a newly-created database of articles published in major economic history journals from 1980-2018, demonstrating the breadth of scholars' networks and the types of questions they asked. Then, the volume pivots to North American economic development. Looking at deflators when estimating Canadian economic growth between 1870-1900, a new, more complete price index for Canada is presented which should alter scholars' views on the contributions of the country to the North Atlantic economy. Another paper expands the literature on the unusual US system of state and local banks in the early 20th century. Finally, the volume presents new estimates on the number and value of slaves entering the US during the Antebellum period.

Smith, Burke, Marx, Durkheim, Polanyi and Hayek--all sought to situate market exchange and property-based acquisitiveness in the broader context of human interaction and social values. This book explores that framework of interdependence and ethics that embeds the capitalist market economy in an ongoing whole of which the calculative present-day is but a part. It argues that the stability of conservatism anchors the dynamism of entrepreneurship in a matrix of patterns and habits without which orderly free enterprise would be at risk of degenerating into the Hobbesian war of each against all.

This book provides a unique study of the differences in economic behaviour according to the phases of the economic cycle in the countries of the European Union. It presents a comprehensive analysis of asymmetry in the EU over the last forty years, and shows that the problems in the global financial crisis were readily predictable.
The authors use empirical research and panel data to show how much economic behaviour changes between the up and down phases of the business cycle, and the difficulties this creates for monetary, fiscal and labour market policies. The volume demonstrates how prescient the asymmetric design of the Stability and Growth Pact was in trying to offset countries understandable optimism in fiscal policy, and the consequent tendency not to manage debt successfully. It also reveals the inherent problems for managing unemployment in an asymmetric labour market.

Sneaker Wars is the fascinating true story of the enemy brothers behind Adidas and Puma, two of the biggest global brands of athletic footwear. Adi and Rudi Dassler started their shoe business in their mother's laundry room and achieved almost instantaneous success. But by the end of World War II a vicious feud had torn the Dasslers apart, dividing their company and their family and launching them down separate, often contentious paths. Out of the fires of their animosity, two rival sneaker brands were born, brands that would revolutionize the world of professional sports, sparking astonishing behind-the-scenes deals, fabulous ad campaigns, and multimillion-dollar contracts for pro athletes, from Joe Namath to Muhammad Ali to David Beckham.

Winner of the first Paul A. Baran-Paul M. Sweezy Memorial Award for an original monograph concerned with the political economy of imperialism, John Smith's Imperialism in the TwentyFirst Century is a seminal examination of the relationship between the core capitalist countries and the rest of the world in the age of neoliberal globalization.Deploying a sophisticated Marxist methodology, Smith begins by tracing the production of certain iconic commodities-the Tshirt, the cup of coffee, and the iPhone-and demonstrates how these generate enormous outflows of money from the countries of the Global South to transnational corporations headquartered in the core capitalist nations of the Global North. From there, Smith draws on his empirical findings to powerfully theorize the current shape of imperialism. He argues that the core capitalist countries need no longer rely on military force and colonialism (although these still occur) but increasingly are able to extract profits from workers in the Global South through market mechanisms and, by aggressively favoring places with lower wages, the phenomenon of labor arbitrage. Meticulously researched and forcefully argued, Imperialism in the TwentyFirst Century is a major contribution to the theorization and critique of global capitalism.

Understand how to protect your critical information infrastructure (CII). Billions of people use the services of critical infrastructure providers, such as ambulances, hospitals, and electricity and transport networks. This number is increasing rapidly, yet there appears to be little protection for many of these services. IT solutions have allowed organisations to increase their efficiency in order to be competitive. However, do we even know or realise what happens when IT solutions are not working - when they simply don't function at all or not in the way we expect? This book aims to teach the IT framework from within, allowing you to reduce dependence on IT systems and put in place the necessary processes and procedures to help protect your CII. Lessons Learned: Critical Information Infrastructure Protection is aimed at people who organise the protection of critical infrastructure, such as chief executive officers, business managers, risk managers, IT managers, information security managers, business continuity managers and civil servants. Most of the principles and recommendations described are also valid in organisations that are not critical infrastructure service providers. The book covers the following: - Lesson 1: Define critical infrastructure services. - Lesson 2: Describe the critical infrastructure service and determine its service level. - Lesson 3: Define the providers of critical infrastructure services. - Lesson 4: Identify the critical activities, resources and responsible persons needed to provide the critical infrastructure service. - Lesson 5: Analyse and identify the interdependencies of services and their reliance upon power supplies. - Lesson 6: Visualise critical infrastructure data. - Lesson 7: Identify important information systems and assess their importance. - Lesson 8: Identify and analyse the interconnections and dependencies of information systems. - Lesson 9: Focus on more critical services and prioritise your activities. - Lesson 10: Identify threats and vulnerabilities. - Lesson 11: Assess the impact of service disruptions. - Lesson 12: Assess the risks associated with the service and information system. - Lesson 13: Implement the necessary security measures. - Lesson 14: Create a functioning organisation to protect CII. - Lesson 15: Follow regulations to improve the cyber resilience of critical infrastructure services. - Lesson 16: Assess the security level of your information systems yourself and ask external experts to assess them as well. - Lesson 17: Scan networks yourself and ask external experts to scan them as well to find the systems that shouldn't be connected to the Internet but still are. - Lesson 18: Prepare business continuity and disaster recovery plans and test them at reasonable intervals. - Lesson 19: Establish reliable relations and maintain them. - Lesson 20: Share information and be a part of networks where information is shared. - Lesson 21: Train people to make sure they are aware of cyber threats and know the correct behaviour. - Lesson 22: If the CII protection system does not work as planned or give the desired output, make improvements. - Lesson 23: Be prepared to provide critical infrastructure services without IT systems. If possible, reduce dependence on IT systems. If possible, during a crisis, provide critical services at reduced functionality and/or in reduced volumes. Author Toomas Viira is a highly motivated, experienced and results-orientated cyber security risk manager and IT auditor. He has more than 20 years' experience in the IT and cyber security sectors.

This book uses facts and data to prove that socialist public sectors are still in a predominant position in China. Based on previous research and studies, a set of methods for measuring the structure of public or non-public owned economy is offered in this book. As is remarked by the authors, China's basic economic system, namely the system with the public sector remaining dominant and diverse sectors of the economy developing side by side, represents an efficient approach towards mutual benefit, common prosperity and peaceful co-existence.

This volume in Advances in Econometrics showcases fresh methodological and empirical research on the econometrics of networks. Comprising both theoretical, empirical and policy papers, the authors bring together a wide range of perspectives to facilitate a dialogue between academics and practitioners for better understanding this groundbreaking field and its role in policy discussions. This edited collection includes thirteen chapters which covers various topics such as identification of network models, network formation, networks and spatial econometrics and applications of financial networks. Readers can also learn about network models with different types of interactions, sample selection in social networks, trade networks, stochastic dynamic programming in space, spatial panels, survival and networks, financial contagion, spillover effects, interconnectedness on consumer credit markets and a financial risk meter. The topics covered in the book, centered on the econometrics of data and models, are a valuable resource for graduate students and researchers in the field. The collection is also useful for industry professionals and data scientists due its focus on theoretical and applied works.

Presenting a concise overview of the post-war decline in popularity of the Austrian school of economics and its subsequent revival in the late twentieth century, this updated second edition offers a theoretical and historical introduction to the ideas of the Austrian school and its intellectually distinguishing qualities. Featuring fresh and insightful comparisons between the Austrian school and other schools of thought, this enhanced second edition includes an expanded discussion on the evolution of the Austrian school in the 21st century. The Advanced Introduction considers the field's key originators and proponents and reflects on the acceleration in interest in the last two decades. Key features include: An illustration of the key arguments that have defined heterodox economics, including the Austrian school's role in the socialist calculation debate In-depth discussions of entrepreneurship and the role of the firm in the scholarship of the Austrian school New material relating Austrian economics to other schools of thought. Undergraduate and graduate students in economics and political science will find this Advanced Introduction indispensable for understanding the revival of the Austrian school. Policymakers will also benefit from its concise and sharp overview of the school and its insights into the key features and debates.

This groundbreaking collection explores the profound power of Social Reproduction Theory to deepen our understanding of everyday life under capitalism. While many Marxists tend to focus on the productive economy, this book focuses on issues such as child care, health care, education, family life and the roles of gender, race and sexuality, all of which are central to understanding the relationship between economic exploitation and social oppression. In this book, leading writers such as Lise Vogel, Nancy Fraser, David McNally and Susan Ferguson reveal the ways in which daily and generational reproductive labour, found in households, schools, hospitals and prisons, also sustains the drive for accumulation. Presenting a more sophisticated alternative to intersectionality, these essays provide ideas which have important strategic implications for anti-capitalists, anti-racists and feminists attempting to find a path through the seemingly ever more complex world we live in.

Today's financial system is considerably more complex than in years past, as new financial instruments have been introduced that are not well understood even by the people and institutions that invest in them. Numerous high-risk opportunities are available, and the number of people who unwittingly wander into such ventures seems to grow daily. There is also the realization that people's lives are affected by the financial system without their overt participation in it. Despite no active participation, pensions can be emasculated by a sudden decline in interest rates, or a rise in rates can increase the monthly payments on a mortgage, credit cards or other debt. This book looks at the history of the American banking system, including the passage of the Federal Reserve Act in 1913, the implementation of deposit insurance, along with certain other provisions of the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933, the Bretton-Woods agreements, the forces of technological innovation and the Dodd-Frank Act, passed by Congress in 2010 for regulatory reform. This book will be of interest to undergraduate and graduate level students that want to gain a broad understanding of how the financial system works, why it is important to the economy as a whole, and what its strengths and weaknesses are. Also, readers should gain an understanding of what the Federal Reserve, other regulators and other central banks are doing, and will be in a position to critique their actions and say with some depth of understanding why they agree or disagree with them.

A wonderful blend of “politics and economics, micro and macro, past and present in an accessible narrative” (The Washington Post), Global Capitalism presents an authoritative history of the twentieth-century global economy. Jeffry A. Frieden’s discussion of the financial crisis of 2008 explores its causes, the many warning signals for policymakers and its repercussions: a protracted recovery with accumulating levels of inequality and political turmoil in the European Union and the United States. Frieden also highlights China’s dramatic rise as the world’s largest manufacturer and trading nation, perhaps the most far-reaching development of the new millennium. Drawing parallels between the current period and the decades before the First World War, when the first era of global economic integration gave way to nationalist rivalry, Frieden’s history clearly shows that globalisation is neither inevitable nor irreversible but a political choice. • With a new chapter on the great financial crisis and the retreat from global integration.

This book sheds new light on how lobbying works in the European Union. Drawing on the first-hand professional experience of lobbyists, policymakers, and corporate and institutional stakeholders, combined with a sound academic foundation, it offers insights into successful lobbying strategies, such as how alliances are formed by interest groups in Brussels. The authors present key case studies, e.g. on the shelved EU-US trade deal Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), lobbying scandals, and the role of specific interest groups and EU Think-Tanks. Furthermore, they highlight efforts to improve transparency and ethical standards in EU decision-making, while also underscoring the benefits of lobbying in the context of decision-making. Understanding the tools and techniques of effective lobbying, as well as the dynamics and trends in EU lobbying, will allow professionals involved in the lobbying process, such as policymakers and corporate and institutional stakeholders, to improve their performance and achieve better results when pursuing their respective interests.

Beginning in 2010, there has been a consolidating cooperation among existing powers in the Euro-Mediterranean in face of the rapid de-stabilization of the Arab region. This fact alone accelerated the hesitant responses by the EU towards emerging hegemons, particularly Russia and China, who in-turn applied traditional mechanisms of increasing regional economic influence to bolster their political influence, but with the difference that a normative influence is missing, in contrast to the EU's and US' influence, which is strongly centered on universal norms pertaining to political, economic and social-cultural norms. This book examines the Arab Spring not only from its intra but also inter-regional geo-political and strategic implications by analyzing the Euro-Mediterranean region following the onset of the Arab Spring. It aims to connect the broader economic and political strands of power shifts that have taken place since the Arab Spring, making it of interests to political scientists and policy-makers concerned with the Mediterranean and Euro-Arab relations.