Volume 7 of the EYIEL focusses on critical perspectives of international economic law. Recent protests against free trade agreements such as the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) remind us that international economic law has always been a politically and legally contested field. This volume collects critical contributions on trade, investment, financial and other subfields of international economic law from scholars who have shaped this debate for many years. The critical contributions to this volume are challenged and sometimes rejected by commentators who have been invited to be "critical with the critics". The result is a unique collection of critical essays accompanied by alternative and competing views on some of the most fundamental topics of international economic law. In its section on regional developments, EYIEL 7 addresses recent megaregional and plurilateral trade and investment agreements and negotiations. Short insights on various aspects of the Transpacific Partnership (TPP) and its sister TTIP are complemented with comments on other developments, including the African Tripartite FTA und the negotiations on a plurilateral Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA). Further sections address recent WTO and investment case law as well as recent developments concerning the IMF, UNCTAD and the WCO. The volume closes with reviews of recent books in international economic law.

Delving into export restrictive measures this book links the key areas of WTO law, public international law, investment and competition law to expose how and why WTO rules on export dimension are insufficient due to export bias; how public international law helps to justify their adoption or maintenance; and how investment and competition laws contribute to their regulation. Built on works on accession protocols and national security exceptions, this book goes beyond international trade law and looks into international political economy, competition and investment law. It contributes to debates in conceptualising public and private forms of export restrictions, appreciating the complementary nature of trade and competition law in disciplining them; capturing the dynamic between trade and investment policies for their effectuation and circumvention; and bridging trade law and public international law to better understand their impositions for political and diplomatic purposes with the invocation of the national security justification.

The great virtue of this work is found in its excellent structure. The first part provides a neat introductory road map for fundamental trade secrets concepts, then considers the TRIPS obligation, the trade secret law of the United States with well explained sections on trade secrets in business transactions, employment relations, enforcement and litigation, government secrets and data exclusivity. The second part provides country overviews with sections for common law and civil law countries and the appendices examine aspects of the proposed EU Directive. This is a comprehensive, sensible, practical, intelligently balanced, thoroughly researched and well written work that will be of real value to anyone interested in this increasingly important area of commercial law.' - Ping Xiong, University of South Australia'This book makes a remarkable contribution to the understanding of the legal foundations and main features of trade secret law in several jurisdictions. It also provides useful guidance to deal with practical issues concerning trade secrets protection. While carefully addressing the balance between the protection of private interests and the principles of free competition, the book examines recent initiatives to fight cyber-espionage and their implications for the configuration of trade secrets law, the enforcement of rights and professional practice.' - Carlos M. Correa, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina Trade secret protection has long been of critical strategic importance to business interests and globalization of commerce has driven an increasing need to govern the preservation of confidentiality in international business transactions. This book offers an authoritative and unparalleled resource on US and international trade secret law and identifies optimal practices for securing trade secrets in varying jurisdictions. Defined as the international standard for trade secret protection, the United States' trade secret laws are explained in depth, illustrating their capacity and impediments. The proposed EU Trade Secret Directive and the impact this will have on international transactions is also closely examined, along with overviews of the laws in common law, civil law and mixed-law countries. The book combines detailed substantive analysis with clear practical guidance on questions such as how businesses can avoid misappropriation and maintain data exclusivity when engaging in global commerce, through the utilization of alternative self-help strategies. Key features: - Presents a roadmap for understanding trade secrets, including requirements for, defences to, and remedies. - Covers both business-to-business and employment relationships. - Authoritative commentary on US and EU trade secrecy laws in addition to coverage of the UK, India, China, Mexico, Brazil, Canada and Japan. - Dependable analysis from two leading scholars in the field. - Practical advice on overcoming the challenges businesses face when engaging in international transactions, including strategies for avoiding misappropriation. - Clear guidance on enforcement mechanisms and litigation procedure. This well-organized reference work will benefit legal practitioners in the commercial field across many jurisdictions, particularly those advising on business transactions or implementing protection strategies for trade information. Policymakers will find the definition of trade secret law characteristics for multiple countries, alongside the consideration of the proposed EU Trade Secret Directive, pragmatic and informative.

This book examines the issue of capacity withdrawals in the electricity wholesale market. Electricity generators can exercise market power in the wholesale market either by withdrawing generation capacity, or by pricing above competitive levels in order to achieve a higher market price and, thereby, increase revenues. After a comprehensive explanation of capacity withdrawal practices and the issues that arise when proceeding under competition law, the book analyses whether an increased state of transparency, as provided for in the REMIT and Regulation 543/2013, could facilitate the efficient functioning of electricity wholesale markets and the investigation of capacity withdrawal practices. It also examines the effect of the prohibition of market manipulation as prescribed in the REMIT in dealing with abusive capacity withdrawals in the electricity wholesale market.

This casebook is an effort to explain infrastructure markets from a unique perspective: regulation. Regulation means the analysis of two main groups of laws, namely internal market and antitrust law. The aim is to find a uniform regulation applicable to infrastructures in the European common market through a direct reading and explanation of judicial opinions. The book is divided into five parts: two general chapters and three thematic chapters. The first chapter is an introduction to the main European law principles applicable to infrastructure markets. The second chapter applies the Services of General Interest doctrine to infrastructure markets: The key issue is the separation of the public administrations and the private companies operating infrastructures. The thematic chapters focus on seaports, railways and airports, respectively. The core of the examination is a dual perspective dealing with both the internal market rules and ensuring fair competition.

In short, the 24 selected and representative articles written in English by the author over the past 30-odd years, mainly published in international leading journals and now collected and compiled in this monograph, could be deemed the products of international academic debates. They record, reflect and embody the author s personal views on a number of contemporary basic issues in international economic law & the international economic order. These personal views with Chinese characteristics are deeply rooted in China s specific national situation and the common position of the world-wide weak groups, and are significantly and substantially different and independent from some existing voices from strong western powers, which is why the book bears the title The Voice from China . On the basis of their specific themes and content, the 24 representative articles are divided into six parts: 1) Jurisprudence of Contemporary International Economic Law; 2) Great Debates on Contemporary Economic Sovereignty; 3) China s Strategic Position on Contemporary International Economic Order Issues; 4) Divergences on Contemporary Bilateral Investment Treaty; 5) Contemporary China s Legislation on Sino-Foreign Economic Issues; and 6) Contemporary Chinese Practices on International Economic Disputes (Case Analysis)."

Capital-intensive projects throughout the world - including large-scale energy, infrastructure, toll road, solid waste, and recycling projects - rely on project finance as the most important financing technique available. But the complexity of project finance requires that the practitioner predict and resolve a number of potential risks involving bankruptcy, currency, and political issues, among others, and often in emerging economies. Drawing on the author's 15-plus years of experience in all types of project finance, this text is a comprehensive, multidiscipline book addressing these risks and their resolution and detailing each of the elements necessary for a successful project financing. Mirroring the structure of an actual project finance deal, this all-in-one handbook examines each step of the process, from the rationale for the project finance, through risk allocation and mitigation, to dispute resolution. Topics discussed include: financing sources; environmental issues; bilateral and multilateral support; contract aspects and typical contract terms; project contracts as credit support; project finance loan documents; collateral documents; and permits. All participants in project financing - including lenders, developers, investors, host governments, governmental agencies, multilateral and bilateral agencies, off-take purchasers, input suppliers, contractors, and operators - should find this text an accessible tool and a research database. Its combination of practical features includes: a checklist of key considerations to assist the practitioner in structuring, negotiating a reviewing a project finance transaction; a detailed glossary of project finance terms; references to legal and business books and articles relating to project finance; and sample project finance clauses and provisions with discussion and suggestions implementation. These features should enable practitioners and non-practitioners at all levels to understand the components and language of project finance and to recognize and avoid potential pitfalls.

This Handbook offers a collection of original writings by leading scholars and practitioners in the exciting, rapidly developing field of cultural heritage law. The detailed essays are the product of a multi-year project of the Committee on Cultural Heritage Law of the International Law Association.Following a comprehensive introduction to cultural heritage law, the book turns to the core topic of international trade. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and a 1970 UNESCO convention on illegal trafficking in cultural material formed the foundation for progressive development of an impressive and still-evolving legal framework. Building on these and other instruments, the essays focus on import and export controls within specific national legal regimes. Concluding chapters contextualize additional important issues - including human rights, pluralism and nationalism - from a broader, global perspective. Innovative in its combination of comparative and international dimensions of the subject, this book provides a ready, well-documented reference to national and international regimes of control and a scholarly source for teaching and further research. Students, professors and practitioners of trade law, cultural heritage law and general international law will find this Handbook an invaluable resource. Contributors include: T. Adlercreutz, E. Beccerril, M. Beukes, J. Blake, K. Chamberlain, P. Conlan, M. Cornu, P. Davies, J. Ding, T. Einhorn, F. Fiorentini, C. Forrest, M. Frigo, K. Hausler, A. Jakubowski, O. Jakubowski, T. Kono, S. Kozai, E.N. Moustaira, P. Myburgh, J.A.R. Nafziger, R.K. Paterson, M.-A. Renold, B. Schoenenberger, K. Siehr, A.F. Vrdoljak

This thesis presents a significant contribution to decentralized resource allocation problems with strategic agents. The study focused on three classes of problems arising in communication networks. (C1). Unicast service provisioning in wired networks. (C2). Multi-rate multicast service provisioning in wired networks. (C3). Power allocation and spectrum sharing in multi-user multi-channel wireless communication systems. Problems in (C1) are market problems; problems in (C2) are a combination of markets and public goods; problems in (C3) are public goods. Dr. Kakhbod developed game forms/mechanisms for unicast and multi-rate multicast service provisioning that possess specific properties. First, the allocations corresponding to all Nash equilibria (NE) of the games induced by the mechanisms are optimal solutions of the corresponding centralized allocation problems, where the objective is the maximization of the sum of the agents' utilities. Second, the strategic agents voluntarily participate in the allocation process. Third, the budget is balanced at the allocations corresponding to all NE of the game induced by the mechanism as well as at all other feasible allocations. For the power allocation and spectrum sharing problem, he developed a game form that possesses the second and third properties as detailed above along with a fourth property: the allocations corresponding to all NE of the game induced by the mechanism are Pareto optimal. The thesis contributes to the state of the art of mechanism design theory. In particular, designing efficient mechanisms for the class of problems that are a combination of markets and public goods, for the first time, have been addressed in this thesis. The exposition, although highly rigorous and technical, is elegant and insightful which makes this thesis work easily accessible to those just entering this field and will also be much appreciated by experts in the field.

This book is a primer on economics of competition law by a Commissioner based on cases of the Competition Commission of India (CCI). It presents economic theories in lucid ways while providing an in depth economic analysis of the cases dealt by CCI and in the process, it blends the diversity of responses by including the orders upheld by majority and minority. In essence. It is a unique work that addresses the gap between competition law and economics.

This textbook analyses from an economic perspective the phenomena of public law, the constitution, the democratic and political process, federalism, NGOs, administration and state decisions. It also examines selected fields of administrative law, including finance and tax law, public economic law and environmental law. Although the book uses examples from different legal orders, it maintains a focus on continental European law, as it aims to advance the law and economics approach in Europe.

The role of the European judiciary has, in recent years, undergone a significant upheaval that has led to a realignment of judicial, legislative and executive powers. This exciting new book provides an insider s perspective on how these changes have affected the practical aspects of life in the European judiciary.This first book in Elgar's new series on Judicial Cooperation covers areas central to the evolution of the judiciary's role, including the protection of its independence, the working conditions of the judiciaries, as well as their relations with outside partners. With great insight, the contributors to this volume explore the shifting role that courts play as both legal innovators and system stabilizers. In order to carry out these roles effectively the judiciary must strive for cooperation: this book makes a valuable contribution to that aim. Regulating Judicial Activity in Europe will appeal to researchers and graduate students as well as to EU and national officials. Contributors include: A.S.H. Gaspar, V. Lamanda, G. Londers, K. Tolksdorf

This timely book examines international trade and investment law at various levels of governance, including unilateral, bilateral, regional, and multilateral arrangements.Rafael Leal-Arcas demonstrates that the nature of international trade law is fragmented and cyclical. Whilst not always straightforward, the process of making international trade law more multilateral, beginning with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1947, has been largely successful. The author shows how this success could be emulated for international investment law, as well as providing a careful analysis of the choice of jurisdiction ? regional versus global ? for the settlement of disputes.This insightful book will be an invaluable resource for research institutions, legal practitioners, judges, trade and investment policy-makers, officials at international organizations and national civil servants. Advanced students of international economic law, international investment law, external relations law of the EU, international trade law and WTO law will also find this book important.

This book is a unique compilation of comprehensive works covering the potentials, challenges, and realities of geographical indications from an Indian perspective. The book encompasses critical studies on legal, regulatory, and institutional frameworks and debates surrounding geographical indications. The concept of geographical indication has not received paramount importance in India compared to the other forms of intellectual property rights like patents and trademarks, while GI is becoming critical in national and international discourses. It aims at presenting both national and international situations and discussions, which will appeal to readers worldwide. This book in its first part elaborately deals with the genesis of the GI Act, and then it goes on to analyze both substantive as well as procedural aspects of the registration under the Indian GI Act and tries to identify the discrepancy and gaps in the laws. Also, a comparative perspective has been built by analyzing the GI laws and regulations of some developed countries with that of India. The challenges in existing regulation for quality control and enforcement of GI products in the Indian GI Act have been dealt comprehensively by the authors which are critical in achieving the stated objectives of the Act. The book also focuses on the role of geographical indication in the socio-economic development of rural India. The authors have illustrated how the GI can act as an effective mechanism for employment generation and sustainable growth opportunities in different sectors like agriculture, food, and handicraft. The interaction of GI with traditional knowledge and biodiversity and their impact on society is also extensively covered. The book contains real-life case studies by the authors from different states of India highlighting the success stories and missed opportunities of different GIs and the way forward where the GI can function as an effective tool for the overall development of a country and promote international trade. The book will provide law students, scholars from legal and IP disciplines, legal practitioners, producers, and policymakers a factual and multidimensional insight into the GI system in India. This will further promote research in this area, particularly from an Asian perspective and enhance the real-life application of GI to varied products.

This book examines the interplay between cooperation on technical barriers to trade (TBT) in free trade agreements and the multilateral framework of the World Trade Organization. In recent years, TBT, especially differences in standards, have attracted increased interest and have been addressed as part of the WTO+ negotiated agenda in trade agreements. Because of a number of political and legal constraints, the process of further cooperation at the WTO have been stalled, which made free trade agreements a central pillar in setting the agenda of international trade governance. This leads us to rethinking the interrelation between the WTO and free trade agreements and to questioning the role of both fora in the future of trade. The book examines some TBT provisions in free trade agreements and highlights their positive and problematic aspects when it comes to the WTO-consistency and the ideas of open and inclusive trade. It also suggests that a more optimal way forward would be to increase parallel work on TBT cooperation at the WTO, a more inclusive forum that could address issues of global significance, such as environmental protection and regulation of digital goods. The book explores the potential for trade agreements to advance the WTO agenda, but notes that the organization would need to adapt its institutional structure and governance in order to do so. Drawing on the example of the EU and US so-called “new generation� trade agreements, the book provides a detailed analysis of the various methods used to navigate TBT cooperation, and offers insight into how these agreements can serve as inspiration for future multilateral disciplines. This book is a valuable resource for trade law academics, policymakers, and anyone interested in the intersection of technical barriers to trade, regional trade agreements, and the WTO.

'As business spreads across the world, but jurisdictions remain essentially national, means must be found whereby business may effectively regulate itself and be regulated for public benefit. This important book addresses these issues, at theoretical and practical levels, explaining important sectoral examples and with deeper analysis. It is both timely and important, and provokes ideas for actions that should be taken at both transnational and national levels. The range of issues covered is rich and impressive.' - Christopher Hodges, Oxford University, UK and Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands 'Globalization pushes the boundaries of markets. Alongside the greater ''goods'' of transnational economic activity come the ''bads'' of unregulated conduct. This important book looks to the new frontiers of legal intervention to make sure that global markets do not run riot over important public values. The signal contribution is not the search for ever higher levels of transnational authority - the superstates of a brave new world - but empowering numerous private actors to enforce legal norms in our fast-changing economic environment.' - Samuel Issacharoff, New York University, School of Law, US This book addresses the different mechanisms of enforcement deployed in transnational private regimes vis-a-vis those in the field of public transnational law. Enforcement represents a key dimension in measuring the effectiveness and legitimacy of transnational private regulation. This detailed book shifts the focus from rule-making to enforcement and compliance, and moves from a vertical analysis to a comparative sectoral analysis. Both public and private transnational regulation fall under the scrutiny of the authors, and the book considers the effectiveness of judicial models of enforcement - under international law and through national courts - and of non-judicial means. Comparisons are drawn across sectors including international commercial law, labor law, finance, Internet regulation and advertising. Enforcement of Transnational Regulation will appeal to scholars of both private and public law, regulation and comparative law. It will also prove a stimulating and challenging read for policy makers and law makers. Contributors: E. Benvenisti, F. Cafaggi, F. Casarosa, S. Cassese, E. D'Alterio, K.E. Davis, M. De Bellis, G.W. Downs, C. Estlund, F. Francioni, G.P. Miller, E.-U. Petersmann, C. Scott, R. Stewart, P. Verbruggen

Verico discusses the ASEAN economic integration from dual perspectives of time span (trade, investment and finance) and framework (bilateral, sub-regional, regional and regional plus). The work is a comprehensive study of the integration in the wake of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)'s inauguration in late 2015. Examining various economic agreement levels from the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), Bilateral Free Trade Agreement (BFTA) and the AEC to financial integration in ASEAN, Verico attempts to envisage the future of ASEAN in completing its regional economic integration from trade to investment and finance. Verico argues that, in the absence of a customs union, ASEAN must utilize the open-regionalism frameworks of the ASEAN Plus One, ASEAN Plus Three, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership and others in order to shift its economic integration level in this way.

This book is the final study report of the key project of the National Social Science Foundation of China, "China and the Reconstruction and Innovation of International Rules in the New Era of Global Value Chain". On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the complex situation of international rule reconstruction and innovation in the new era of the global value chain, this book makes an in-depth and systematic analysis on six types of international rules, namely official export credit rules, international competition rules, cross-border e-commerce and digital trade rules, ISDS, multilateral agreement on investment and international regulatory cooperation. It also introduces the theories and practices of China's engagement in the new round of reconstruction and innovation of international rules.

Part one of Volume 4 (2013) of the European Yearbook of International Economic Law offers a special focus on recent developments in international competition policy and law. International competition law has only begun to emerge as a distinct subfield of international economic law in recent years, even though international agreements on competition co-operation date back to the 1970s. Competition law became a prominent subject of political and academic debates in the late 1990s when competition and trade were discussed as one of the Singaporeissues in the WTO. Today, international competition law is a complex and multi-layered system of rules and principles encompassing not only the external application of domestic competition law and traditional bilateral co-operation agreements, but also competition provisions in regional trade agreements and non-binding guidelines and standards. Furthermore, the relevance of competition law for developing countries and the relationship between competition law and public services are the subject of heated debates. The contributions to this volume reflect the growing diversity of the issues and elements of international competition law.

Part two presents analytical reports on the developments of the regional integration processes in North America, Central Africa and Southeast Asia as well as on the treaty practice of the European Union. Part three covers the legal and political developments in major international organizations that deal with international economic law, namely the IMF, WCO, WTO, WIPO, ICSID and UNCTAD. Lastly, part four offers book reviews of recent works in the field of international economic law."

Since its creation by the Treaty of Asuncion in 1991, the regional trade association of MERCOSUR has been plagued by financial crises in its member states. Yet it continues, albeit slowly, to meet its objectives. To its four full members (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay) it has already added Chile and Bolivia as associate members, and continues its negotiations with the Andean Community and even with Mexico. This book by a leading authority on the subject is the first full-length analysis of the viability of MERCOSUR as an effective engine of economic development. Drawing on vast reservoirs of expertise and insight, Professor Guira considers the phenomenon of MERCOSUR in all its real-world and theoretical contexts, from forces inherent in Latin American history to its role in a global trading regime dominated by the WTO, the IMF, the EU, and NAFTA. He provides in-depth commentary on the nexus between the economic crises of member states (particularly Brazil and Argentina) and the multiple and complex linkages that animate MERCOSUR s continuing and distinct identity. He finds that, despite the modest effect to date of MERCOSUR on the economic development of its member states, the laws and institutions that characterise the organisation are now sufficiently established to weather the confidence-building challenge that must be met and overcome if the major Latin American nations are to play a role in global commerce that matches their enormous economic significance. Every scholar, practitioner, official, and policymaker working anywhere in the fields of international trade law or international relations must read this book. In putting together the world trade puzzle, players oftenfind that the MERCOSUR piece is missing or incomplete. With the publication of this book, a major deficiency is fully remedied.

This book addresses the regulation of the State/Enterprise relationship in the framework of international economic context. It analyzes this relationship from the discrete perspectives of conflict, cooperation, and integration in contributions by authors representing a diverse range of legal cultures and political backgrounds. The topic is investigated following three approaches: * State versus Enterprise (the State which bans, restricts, or regulates the activities of Enterprises, both domestic and foreign);* Enterprise versus State (the Enterprises, main actors of commercial, industrial or financial initiatives, which may directly or indirectly affect the legal and economic structure of the State);* State as Enterprise and Enterprise as State (public Enterprises under political control that pursue geopolitical goals, and Enterprises that rely on the political, financial, and strategic support of the State for their business expansion). Furthermore, the volume includes a special focus on the relationship State/Enterprise in non-capitalist economies (China, Russia, and Cuba).

The processes of legal and economic integration at a regional and global scale have created powerful legal and economic dilemmas. They challenge the paradigms of constitutionalism,including the State's monopoly of constitutionalism, the autonomy of national political communities and the traditional forms of participation and representation. The phenomena of globalisation and regional forms of governance have promoted the inter-dependence of national political communities and destroyed the artificial boundaries upon which national constitutional democracies are found and from which they derive their legitimacy. Furthermore, it is inevitable that the development of international trade and economic integration will raise claims for some form of global distributive justice to complement the wealth maximisation arising from free trade. This will come from the gradual development of global forms of political discourse and law-making, challenging State constitutionalism and requiring some of the instruments and theories of constitutionalism. The essays in this collection, written by leading scholars in international trade law, argue the pros and cons of greater regional and global regulation. They conclude that whatever the final framework for international trade, the critical decisions about institutional form and content will be decided in an emerging global political arena. They help to identify this political arena, who governs it, and according to which rules, and identify the different institutional alternatives in that global political arena.

This book explores questions of transnational private legal theory in the context of the external dimension of EU private law. The interaction between existing theories of transnational ordering and the external reach of European Regulatory Private Law is articulated through the examination of what are found to be the three major proxies of transnational private ordering: private standards, contracts and codes. Chapters survey the absence of jurisdictional restrictions in the transnational space and how the EU is arguably shaping transnational private governance to pursue regulatory aims. These regulatory endeavours span not only institutional structures and substantive rules but also the values that inform them. Leading contributors provide insights into a broad range of transnational governance considerations, from the standardization of the internet and contracts in energy exchanges to private food safety standards. The Role of the EU in Transnational Legal Ordering will be of interest to students and scholars working in the areas of EU law, regulatory law, international law, transnational governance, and private law. EU law practitioners and policy-makers will also find the analysis of key elements of EU regulation beneficial. Contributors include: C. Busch, M. Cantero Gamito, L. de Almeida, T. Juutilainen, A. Marcacci, M. Mataija, H.-W. Micklitz, M. Paz de la C. de los Mozos, K. Pijl, G. Spindler, R. Vallejo, R. van Gestel, P. van Lochem, P. Verbruggen, B. Warwas

Retail is 'going digital,' and grocery shopping is no exception. While some businesses are relaying on their corporate website to make the sale, both traditional brick-and-mortar and new disruptive business models are increasingly using online marketplaces to offer their products online. European Union law has been gradually updated to reflect this new reality, with Intellectual Property Rights legislation and Consumer Law leading the way toward a suitable regulatory framework in the Platform Economy. However, the EU has not devised a comprehensive strategy for tackling the challenges posed by the online sale of physical consumer goods, such as effective public enforcement in online environments. In fact, sector-specific legislation, including Food Law, largely ignores online transactions. In this context, the book evaluates the impact that online marketplaces are having on European Union sector-specific legislation and its e-nforcement. The goal is to assess whether the existing regulatory and policy framework are sufficient for promoting compliance and bridging the enforcement gap in the digital single market. Focusing on the e-food market, the book presents a state-of-the-art overview of how online marketplaces are altering EU law and its enforcement by public authorities.

This is the third revised edition of this text which was first published in 1989, and based on a General Course held by the author at The Hague Academy of International Law in 1986. It is designed to serve as a standard textbook on international economic law, suitable for reference and studies. This edition takes account of some of the new developments in international economic law, such as the ramifications of the Internet. The comprehensive analysis of all rules of public international law having direct influence on economic relations has been maintained and elaborated. Special attention is paid to the claims for a new international economic order, the extraterritorial reach of domestic legislation, the effects of nationalization, the protection of the environment, state immunity and economic welfare.