Exploring the relationship and interaction between economic interests and normative non-trade values, this book argues that the emergence and development of non-trade values is based on a complex dialectic interaction between selfish economic interests and normative values, and examines how their structural interdependence has given rise to a remarkable evolution in international trade. Conceiving this relationship as an intricate dialectic one that is neither purely value-driven, nor purely economic-interest-driven, it addresses the emergence, function, and role of non-trade values in international trade with a synthetizing approach and explores the results of their interaction in international economic intercourse. Approaching the non-trade issues of trade in a holistic manner, the book demonstrates that trade can operate smoothly only if it is framed by an architecture of normative value standards and international trade liberalization has reached the level where further development calls for cooperation also in fields that, at first glance, may appear to be non-trade in nature.

This comprehensive Handbook provides an in-depth analysis of the origin and main substantive provisions of the TRIPS Agreement, the most influential international treaty on intellectual property currently in force. A uniquely qualified set of academics and experts from around the world discuss the historical context in which the Agreement was negotiated, its basic principles and the nature of the obligations it creates for WTO members. Together with the second volume ? Research Handbook on the Interpretation and Enforcement of Intellectual Property under WTO Rules ? it examines the minimum standards that must be implemented with regard to patents, trademarks, geographical indications, copyright and related rights, integrated circuits and test data. This Handbook is an essential tool for scholars, researchers and advanced students in the field of intellectual property. It also provides materials of direct relevance for policymakers and legal practitioners.

With the intensified focus on antiterrorism in US trade policy -- and the transfer of the Customs Service from the US Treasury Department to the Department of Homeland Security as the Bureau of Customs and Border Protection -- traditional ways of thinking about customs and trade law are now out of date. In light of the war on terrorism and the emphasis on border security, businesses engaged in the crossborder exchange of goods face a multitude of new laws and initiatives -- in addition to the traditional array of responsibilities required by the US Bureau of Customs and Border Protection and Immigration and Customs Enforcement. While these regulations are intended to strengthen border security, without careful planning they may have the unfortunate result of hindering the efficient movement of goods. In addition to updated customs forms and helpful appendices, this third edition covers the burgeoning area of free trade agreements between the US and countries around the globe. These agreements are a critical aspect of US bilateral trade relations, affecting not only duty rates but also rules of origin and policies on investment, trade in services and access to Government procurement markets. In sum, this book is an invaluable tool for a host of international trade professionals including in-house counsel dealing with import-export issues, corporate logistic managers, regulatory and compliance managers, and import-export specialists.

Examining local content law and policy in the oil and gas industry, this book uses Nigeria as a primary case study, comparing its approach to countries such as Brazil and Norway which have also adopted local content laws in relation to their gas and oil industries. In considering various aspects of local content law and policy as they apply to the oil and gas industry, the book examines the factors behind the formulation of local content policies by petroleum producing states, and the various strategies they have employed to implement them. It analyses arguments against local content requirements from the perspective of international trade and investment law, and from liberal market economic theorists, who argue against its overall usefulness. The book highlights salient aspects of the oil and gas industry such as regulation, national oil companies, treatment of minorities, and policy formulation and implementation.

The energy industry is a key source of growth stimulation for developing states. Understandably, developing states are eager to enter into petroleum investment contracts with international investors, with the expectation that this will benefit their countries. The domestic law of some developing states provides a welcoming investment environment in the form of guarantees and stability, while other states provide these opportunities by agreeing to investment contracts or treaties drafted by international organisations established to facilitate such agreements. This book identifies the political risks, particularly of indirect expropriation, that arise from the unilateral actions of host governments during the lifespan of energy investment projects. Focusing on stabilisation clauses as a political risk management tool, this research-based study draws on comparative empirical evidence from Turkey and Azerbaijan to determine what influences host states to consent to the insertion of stabilisation clauses in long-term host government agreements. Proposing a framework for the role to be played by both internal forces and external forces, it examines political regimes and state guarantees to foreign investors in Azerbaijan and Turkey from a comparative perspective, assessing how effective internal factors in Azerbaijan and Turkey are in facilitating contractual stability in their energy investment projects. Providing a comprehensive analysis of stabilisation clauses and the internal and external factors that compel host states to commit to them, this book will appeal to practitioners, students and scholars in international investment law and energy law.

This volume was occasioned by the 30-year anniversary of the appearance of Professor John H. Jackson's remarkable book, "World Trade and the Law of GATT", which pioneered the new academic discipline of international trade law. Professor Jackson's approach has been unique in its emphasis on a multidisciplinary approach, which places the subject in its proper context - by examining international trade law not only in relation to economic considerations but by broadening it to include wider societal concerns such as environmental, national security, human rights, and labour standards issues. Accordingly this book, in Professor Jackson's honour, reflects his role as a forerunner of the law of globalization, addressing in particular the links between trade law and public international law, and the connections between trade and other societal concerns. The book is divided into five sections, dealing with: constitutional issues; substantive issues for the WTO; dispute settlement in the context of the WTO; new subjects relating to the WTO system including trade and labour; trade and competition, trade and investment, bribery and corruption, and domestic issues for WTO member countries. After a long and distinguished career at the Law School of the University of Michigan, Professor Jackson joined the faculty of Georgetown University in 1998, as University Professor.

This unique volume presents published and hitherto unpublished works by leading international trade lawyer and academic, Gary Horlick. The value of his insights comes from his mix of government, professional and academic experience in trade proceedings in the WTO, in NAFTA, in Mercosur, and in over 20 countries. The unpublished material includes information not previously available on the origins and rationales of important areas of antidumping (such as zeroing), subsidies and countervailing duties (such as specificity), and new key areas of WTO Dispute Resolution (in particular, the role of science). This invaluable book will provide readers with information useful to practicing lawyers involved in antidumping, countervailing duty, and WTO cases; researchers interested in the origins and meaning of obscure aspects of international trade law, and students looking for explanations behind some of the texts.

The contributions in this volume elucidate both 'synthetic securitization' (which involves the investors in exposure-based securities to particular risks in exchange for a fee) and conventional securitization (issuance of securities for the primary purpose of raising funds for the originator or owner of the assets being securitized). The various contributions illustrate how the structures employed in securitizations are readily capable of being applied to a wide range of income-generating assets, including such innovative asset classes as the following:
- commercial mortgages
- student rents
- intellectual property rights
- carbon emission allowances
- life insurance policies
- project and infrastructure loans
- microfinance loans
- sovereign aid grants
- non-performing loans
- loans to finance corporate takeovers
- tax receivables and other public sector assets
In addition, this volume covers the emergence of new markets for securitization in Asia, Latin America, Islamic countries, and South Africa, as well as major developments in the accounting treatment of securitizations and evolving judicial attitudes to the underlying sale and credit derivative components of securitizations.

This remarkable collection of papers, sponsored by the Centre for International Sustainable Development Law (CISDL), demonstrates that sustainable development serves as a unifying concept with the potential to facilitate much-needed respect for international law and timely implementation of diverse and overlapping international commitments. It builds on the substance of a rich and complex debate at the intersections among economic, social, and environmental law, bringing together a broad cross-section of viewpoints and voices. The authors review recent developments in WTO discussions and negotiations, and in the recent decisions of the WTO Appellate Body, from a sustainable development law perspective. They also survey relevant new developments in trade and economic agreements at regional, inter-regional and bi-lateral levels. The various essays focus on sustainable development aspects of key issues in recent trade negotiations such as the "Singapore Issues" (investment, competition, trade facilitation, and government procurement), intellectual property rights, investment arbitration and the linkage between the WTO and multilateral environmental accords (MEAs). Among the specific topics covered are the following: emerging areas of law and policy in trade and sustainable development; the underlying development agendas in global trade law negotiations; cooperation and potential negotiation on international competition law; overlaps between multilateral environmental accords (MEAs) and the WTO; recent developments in WTO dispute settlement procedures and proceedings; human rights and environmental opportunities from trade liberalisation and increased market access; human rights and environment impact assessment techniques used to analyse trade agreements; and, recent developments in bi-lateral and regional trade agreements. Trade, investment, and competition law practitioners and negotiators in developed and developing countries will find this book of great value, as will development and environment law professionals with responsibility for trade and WTO law related matters.

'In The ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement: The Regionalization of Laws and Policy on Foreign Investment, Julien Chaisse and Sufian Jusoh provide analysis --unmatched in scope and detail -- of ACIA's role in supporting the development of the ASEAN Economic Community. This contribution will serve as an invaluable resource for policymakers, business leaders, lawyers, and scholars interested in the development of investment law and policy in Asia.' - Mark Feldman, Peking University, China 'Julien Chaisse and Sufian Jusoh take up the formidable challenge of unpacking the ingredients of the Asian ''noodle bowl'', delivering a comprehensive book that synthesizes the convoluted investment legal standards pertaining to the ASEAN into an intelligible discourse. Throughout, they offer insight into the design and purpose of this model of economic integration, as well as its impact on the rights of investors from states neighbouring the ASEAN region. This volume serves as a reliable and practical guidebook that will edify any reader interested in the subject matter.' - Kyle Dickson-Smith, FCIArb., Canada/Australia The international law of foreign investment is one of the fastest growing areas of international economic law and policy which increasingly rely on large membership investment treaties such as the ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement (ACIA). This book comprehensively examines the role of this specific international treaty on investment and situates it in the wider global trend towards the regionalisation of laws and policy on foreign investment. Considering the state of the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015 and its transformation until 2025, Julien Chaisse and Sufian Jusoh illustrate the pivotal role ACIA has to play in future international investment law negotiations and the benefits to ASEAN and third country investors and their investments. Collective commitment to a common standard contributes to depoliticize any potential conflict between individual investors and host states making the agreement particularly crucial to discussions involving ASEAN member states and between ASEAN and Dialogue Partners as well as to investment decisions including investment liberalization and investment facilitation. Offering the first detailed analysis of ACIA and its applications, this book will prove essential reading for legal practitioners in the field of international investment law as well as researchers and students studying the ASEAN Economic Community and its contemporary moulding.

The principle of national treatment, or the non-discrimination clause, applies across many fields of international economic law. This book provides a unique horizontal examination of the principle as it applies within international trade law, international investment law and intellectual property law, whilst also offering challenging and perceptive views on commercial practices, trade law and policy.Combining perspectives from practitioners, academics and members of the judiciary, the book is the first to cover the national treatment principle across the whole field of international economic law - including not only in the domain of WTO law, but also in treaty and contractual settings involving investment and in intellectual property law. It also provides practical insights regarding the application of the principle relevant to inter-state relations, state-investor relations and in the context of intellectual property protection. With its comprehensive interdisciplinary coverage, this book will be of special interest to academics, students and practitioners interested in international economic law and trade, international investment law, and intellectual property law and policy. Contributors: A.E. Appleton, R. Brauneis, L. Choukroune, D. Collins, T. Cottier, L. Ehring, J. Flett, C. Heath, A. Kamperman Sanders, D. Prevost, S.J. Schaafsma, L. Schneller

From soil degradation and biodiversity loss to the coexistence of malnutrition and obesity, many of the largest challenges facing humanity today are underpinned by food and agriculture systems. In order to alleviate and resolve them, global governance of food and agriculture needs to be reformed. Unravelling the array of international regulatory instruments, this timely book provides the first systematic analysis of the international law surrounding food systems. International Agricultural Law and Policy provides a systems-based analysis of the rules that intersect with the physical elements of agriculture against a framework of commonly held norms. The author conducts a comprehensive examination not only of the rules, but also the implementation and broader socioeconomic, scientific and political context. By, exploring and clarifying the relationship between food security and the right to food and sustainability, Johnson closes the gap between the disparate international rules that govern food and agriculture, while exploring the practical implications of these overlapping regimes. This unique book is an invaluable resource for lawyers and social scientists working within food and agriculture systems and their governance and lays the much-needed groundwork for future research. For policy makers in the food and agricultural space, this book provides a wide-ranging and innovative analysis of the global regulatory landscape that influences law and policy processes.

The past few decades have witnessed a growth in the importance of services in the economy, yet until the 1980s, scholarly literature on the expanding role of trade in services in the world economy remained scarce. This timely research review, edited by a leading analyst in the field, brings together seminal works on the WTO and trade in services published in the last twenty-five years. Areas covered in this important set include the determinants and patterns of trade in services, services in regional integration agreements and the GATS. This book will be of immense value to scholars and practitioners interested in this evolving and increasingly relevant field of study.

When is international patent law cooperation and harmonization welfare-enhancing? What is the role of international institutions - WIPO and the WTO - in furthering such harmonization? This book explores these questions from a global welfarist, rationalist perspective. It grounds its analysis in innovation theory and a examination of patent law and prosecution, incorporating the uncertainty of patent law's impact on welfare at a detailed level, dynamic changes, the skewed nature of patent value and the difficulty of textually capturing patent concepts. Using tools from new institutional economics, it explores future design implications for international institutions, analyzing grounds for international cooperation as collective action problems and applying historical, political and transaction cost analyses. Academics, students and practitioners interested in international economic law, specifically in respect of patents, innovation and intellectual property, the TRIPs Agreement, the WTO and WIPO will find this book essential. It will also prove insightful for researchers whose primary background is in international relations or international political economy, but are seeking an introduction to the patent and intellectual property field. Contents: Introduction Part I: Welfare-Enhancing Harmonization 1. Domestic Patent Law, Autarchic Analysis 2. The Value of Diversity: Relaxed Autarchy 3. Bases for Harmonization Part II: International Patent Law Institutions 4. History 5. International Patent Cooperation as Collective Action 6. Institutional Analysis: WIPO and the WTO Conclusions and Implications References

National debts incurred by illegitimate regimes against the best interests of the citizens is a serious problem of international economics and politics. These sovereign debts, often referred to as odious debts, deplete the public purse and create an ongoing financial liability that serves to constrain investment and economic growth, and conspires to keep millions in poverty. This important and timely book explains the legal principles and politics involved in the issue of odious debts, and sovereign debt arrangements more generally. The author goes beyond abstract arguments and proposes legal rules and international regulation that should be put in place to create the right incentives to stop the transmission of odious debts. Her proposal is for a registration scheme for sovereign debt, and the imposition of positive duties on financiers who provide loans to sovereign borrowers. Sovereign Finance and the Poverty of Nations will appeal to students, academics, debt activists, policymakers, international finance practitioners and anyone with a general interest in sovereign finance affairs.

This book provides a magisterial account of the history, conceptualization, and institutionalization of the concept of sustainable development in international law and policy-making. It provides helpful and insightful illumination of these issues, both at a general level and specifically through an extended case study of the evolution of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture - a particularly appropriate choice of case study given that agriculture implicates a wide range of divergent values, including the economic benefits of free trade; promoting access to affordable food; protecting small subsistence farmers, especially in developing countries; and minimizing environmental degradation through over-exploitation of natural resources such as fisheries, soil depletion or contamination. An overarching and constructive theme of the book is the need for greater legal coherence in international law making across these various domains which are often fragmented in institutional silos that lack effective integrating mechanisms.' - Michael Trebilcock, University of Toronto, Canada'Sustainable development, now made fully operational thanks to the contribution of Elisabeth Burgi Bonanomi, can support policy reforms that will improve global governance, thus ensuring that the trade regime is shaped to support the policy objectives that it is meant to serve. The area of food and agriculture is in many ways a case study of a lack of consistency across policy areas. It is now high time to overcome this failure. I have no doubt that this volume represents a major contribution towards this end.' - Olivier De Schutter, Member of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights The concept of sustainable development has become a fundamental discourse in international decision making. To enable pragmatic sustainable development governance, legally coherent, mutually supportive multilateral treaties are both necessary and important. This timely book provides an accessible insight into how the concept of sustainable development can be made operational for coherent law making through its translation into legal terms. The book is split into two informative points of inquiry. The first part of the book explores the origins of the sustainable development debate and sheds light on how the international community has inadequately operationalized the concept to utilize its full potential. In this view, Elisabeth Burgi Bonanomi illustrates how sustainable development can facilitate coherent international law making when it is understood as a multidimensional legal principle and methodical norm. The second part of the book adopts this notion as an analytical lens on the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, placing the focus specifically on food security and food sustainability. The overarching discussion contributes to one of the most intricate debates of international food governance and investigates the unresolved question of what a sustainable and coherent agricultural trade agreement could look like. Providing a comprehensive overview of sustainable development law, its origins, and its current theories, scholars and students with a background in international public law, trade, and investment law, development and human rights law, international relations, and environmental policy will find this book a valuable reference tool. Practitioners and policy-makers will benefit from the insight into the search for politically coherent and sustainable legal agreements.

This textbook examines the legal and regulatory approaches to digital assets and related technology taken by United States regulators. As cryptoassets and other blockchain applications mature, and regulatory authorities work hard to keep pace, Daniel Stabile, Kimberly Prior and Andrew Hinkes invite students to consider the legal approaches, challenges and tension points inherent in regulating these new products and systems. The authors explore the attempts to apply securities laws and money transmission regulation, the growth of smart contracts, the taxation of digital assets, and the intersection of digital assets and criminal law. This innovative and unique textbook features: Commentary and analysis by three leading attorneys engaged with the regulation of digital assets and blockchain technology, offering practical, real-world acumen A comprehensive overview of the origins, key features and mechanisms of blockchain technology, as well as a broad intimation of the divisive debates that will shape the future of digital assets, to guarantee a thorough introduction to the topic for students Excerpts of authorities and other materials from key regulators, including the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Commodities Futures Trade Commission, and the Internal Revenue Service, to add insight and nuance to classroom discussions. In this, the first textbook of its kind, students of law, business, or technology will find crucial insights into the law and regulation of blockchain and a comprehensive overview of significant public debates on the topic.

The birth of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its related agreements at the close of the Uruguay Round marked a profound change in the framework of principles governing world trade. The author argues that the establishment of the WTO as a unique transnational legislature in fact produced a fully integrated trade constitution capable of constructing, universalising and enforcing substantive norms of law. The changes in the world trading system amounted to a significant shift in power from the national to the supranational level, with the result that member states are now disposed to exercise their sovereignty collectively in those areas of commercial law that require global co-ordination. The author further argues that a significant factor in the institutional reform of the international trading system was the advent of the information economy, and the resulting imperative to protect intellectual property. In this respect the work lays the foundation for an empirical understanding of the WTO constitution as a response to the logic of intellectual property law. From a social perspective, the book explains how the collective exercise of sovereignty in the new world order reflects the emergence of a new transnational civil society in which corporations, non-governmental organisations and voluntary associations are demanding a voice in global lawmaking. In examining the limits of the emerging trade constitution and the challenges it is likely to face, the analysis concludes that to find true legitimacy, the WTO and its institutions must find ways of conforming to the democratic principles of accountability, transparency and representation.

How ought scholars and students to approach the rapidly expanding and highly multidisciplinary study of international economic law? Academics in the field of international political economy used to take for granted that they worked with the overarching concepts of rules and governance, while legal scholars analyzed treaties and doctrines. However, over the past twenty years formerly disparate fields of study have converged in a complex terrain, where academic researchers and governmental policy analysts use a pluralistic set of theoretical and methodological tools to study the ongoing development of international economic law. This volume argues that the extensive development of international economic law makes it impossible to discuss international political economy and international law as if they were mutually exclusive processes, or even as if they were separate and mutually reinforcing. Rather, we must think of them as a deeply interconnected set of rapidly evolving activities. This is a paradigm shift in which we cease to think about an international system in which politics and law interact, and begin to think about an international system in which politics take place in a legal frame. Froese terms this a shift from politics and law, to the politics of international economic law. This book does for political economy what others have already done for law - introduces political scientists, economists, and other practitioners of IPE, to the potential of engaging with legal theory and method; it will be of great interest to scholars in a range of areas including IPE, global governance, IR and international law.

This comprehensive book provides a complete overview of the international legal system of foreign investment protection. Proposing a simple, practical approach, it examines the problems one might face when studying or practising international investment law, including those arising from contemporary changes and controversies. In this incisive book, Arnaud de Nanteuil synthesises material from treaties, general international law, contracts and case law to demonstrate a coherent system of investment protection, rather than simply describing the law as it currently stands. Through this systematic approach, the book considers all aspects of the discipline, examining its history, the content of the law, investment arbitration, and its relationship with other areas of international law such as human rights, the environment and EU law. It also discusses answers to questions that remain open in current case law. Providing a thorough and accessible analysis, this book will be invaluable to both students and academics working in the field of international investment law, as well as practitioners who will appreciate its pragmatic style. Government officials and those working for international organisations in this area will also find its discussion of the possible future evolution of the law insightful.

Investment treaties grant special international protection to foreign investors, and give them a means to enforce those rights against States in which they have invested. This book systematically examines the law of international investment treaties, particularly with respect to its origins, structure, content, and effects. Although the precise provisions of investment treaties are not uniform, virtually all investment treaties address the same issues. This book examines those issues in detail, including the scope of application, conditions for the entry of foreign investment, and general standards of treatment of foreign investments. Investment treaty law has continued to evolve rapidly and dramatically since publication of the second edition of this work in 2015. The field has seen considerable growth in the number and scope of investment treaties, now estimated at 3300, and investor-state arbitrations cases, which reached over 1000 in 2020. The field has also experienced significant changes and reforms. In 2018, eleven Pacific Basin Countries, despite the withdrawal of the United States, forged ahead to conclude the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTTP), a potentially far reaching regional trade and investment agreement. The next year, the three north American nations replaced the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). And in 2020, European Union member states terminated over 100 intra-EU BITs, leaving intra-EU investors to rely on EU law and legal processes alone for protection from unfavourable government acts. This edition of The Law of Investment Treaties incorporates a consideration of all of these and other reforms into its analysis of the body of law created by investment treaties since World War II.

Why, and how, do states obey international law? This engaging book tackles this very question head on via its examination of the conflicting and conciliating processes of the Chinese approach to litigation and the Western approach to legal orientation in the field of the WTO dispute settlement mechanism.The authors examine the normative framework of WTO rule implementation in a globalised international economic order. They further explore the notion of the rule of law in China's Confucian system, and how it interacts with a rule-based world trading system. Topics discussed include theorising the WTO implementation regime, the Chinese approach to law, China and the WTO dispute settlement system, and Chinese Confucianism and compliance. With its focus on international economic law and political science, this book will be accessible to students, policy makers, practitioners and academics looking to understand China and the rule of law in a global context

Die Beitrage in diesem Sammelband befassen sich mit den rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen fur Wettbewerb und Markt in China und Europa. Dies umfasst die gesellschafts-, arbeits- und wettbewerbs- bzw. kartellrechtlichen Bedingungen, das Wirtschaftsstrafrecht sowie die Ausgestaltung des Rechts des geistigen Eigentums sowie des Verbraucherschutzes. In- und auslandische Marktteilnehmer mussen sich dabei nicht nur auf stabile rechtliche Verhaltnisse verlassen koennen, sondern haben groesstes Interesse an einem funktionierenden und verlasslichen Gerichtssystem bzw. aussergerichtlichen Mechanismen der Konflikt- und Streitbeilegung. Die Beitrage analysieren Unterschiede und Entwicklungstendenzen in rechtsvergleichender Perspektive.

Intellectual Property at the Crossroads of Trade focuses on the elements of intellectual property that impact on trade and competition.The book comprises thoughtful contributions on varying commercial aspects of IP, from parallel imports of pharmaceuticals to exhaustion of rights, and from trade in goods of cultural heritage to regulation of goods in transit. There is detailed discussion of licensing, including cross-border elements, online licensing, and the potential for harmonization in Europe. This precedes a multi-layered analysis of the Anti-counterfeiting Trade Agreement. This stimulating collection of work will have strong appeal to academics and researchers interested in some of the most pressing issues in intellectual property law, as well as all those with an interest in the intersection of trade and IP. Contributors include: M. Barczewski, D. Beldiman, I. Calboli, J. de Werra, J. Drexl, C. Geiger, G. Mazziotti, C.R. McManis, J. Pelletier, I. Stamatoudi, S. Sykuna, P. Torremans, G. Westkamp

Cross-border business transactions often entail the transfer of assets, which requires some basic knowledge of diverse legal systems; consultants working on such transactions need to have an overview of the procedural particularities of these jurisdictions, and practical knowledge that will enable them to approach the transaction from an informed perspective. This handbook provides essential information relating to the transfer of assets or entire business units in thirty-two of the most important jurisdictions in the world. Each chapter is dedicated to a separate jurisdiction, and discusses, among other practical topics of interest, form requirements, registration obligations, regulatory compliance, real property, intellectual property, taxes, insolvency law, costs and timing issues as well as the transfer of employees. The purpose of this book is to create a better understanding of the legal and practical concerns associated with asset transfers in the relevant jurisdictions. Through it the reader will be able to identify potential legal issues, assess whether or not local advisors have to be consulted and make informed judgments about timing and costs associated with a prospective transaction. This compendium should serve as a useful guide for all professionals involved in international M&A transactions, including lawyers, investment bankers, tax advisors and other consultants. The chapters were prepared by experienced lawyers practicing in established international and local law firms and legal scholars from preeminent universities around the world.