The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), a modified and modernized version of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), will continue to govern most economic relationships in North America, including the more than $1.3 trillion in annual regional trade in goods and services, for the foreseeable future. USMCA preserves the bulk of the NAFTA structures that permit North American manufacturers to compete effectively with their European and Asian counterparts in North American and foreign markets. Once in effect, USMCA should largely resolve the chilling effect on investment and new hiring generated by three years of uncertainty over NAFTA's future. This book provides a detailed analysis and critique of the provisions of the USMCA and the USMCA's relation to NAFTA. It is designed to assist lawyers and non-lawyers alike, including law, economics and public policy scholars, business professionals and governmental officials who require an understanding of one of the worlds' most economically and politically significant regional trade agreements.

The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), a modified and modernized version of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), will continue to govern most economic relationships in North America, including the more than $1.3 trillion in annual regional trade in goods and services, for the foreseeable future. USMCA preserves the bulk of the NAFTA structures that permit North American manufacturers to compete effectively with their European and Asian counterparts in North American and foreign markets. Once in effect, USMCA should largely resolve the chilling effect on investment and new hiring generated by three years of uncertainty over NAFTA's future. This book provides a detailed analysis and critique of the provisions of the USMCA and the USMCA's relation to NAFTA. It is designed to assist lawyers and non-lawyers alike, including law, economics and public policy scholars, business professionals and governmental officials who require an understanding of one of the worlds' most economically and politically significant regional trade agreements.

What does the future hold for oil and gas, what can we learn from the past and what role does law have to play in this? Using a unique temporal lens, this Research Handbook examines core themes in oil and gas regulation from historical, contemporary and forward-looking perspectives. Structured in three distinct parts, this Research Handbook begins by detailing the past dominance of oil, charting the role and influence of legal instruments and regulatory regimes governing petroleum. Using a diverse range of case study perspectives over several jurisdictions, the Research Handbook then turns to oil and gas in the modern world, with critical discussion of current petroleum legal regimes. It concludes with a series of forward-looking chapters that consider the future challenges and opportunities for oil and gas, and how petroleum-dependent states can both regulate and facilitate the age of energy transition. Surveying the technological shifts of the oil and gas sector through time, this comprehensive Research Handbook will prove an invigorating read for scholars and students of energy and natural resource law disciplines. Its discussion of emerging technologies and community impact will prove particularly useful to regulators, policymakers, corporations and legal practitioners concerned with the future of energy.

Ther Hawley-Smoot Tariff as the chief cause of the world depression, specific tariff barriers raised against the United States because of it, with practical suggestions for the revision of American commercial policy.

This text is an introduction to international economics for upper-level undergraduates and above. The first half examines the causes and effects of international trade, how tariffs and other trade policies affect the gains from trade, and the ways in which governments try collectively to regulate those policies. The second half deals with monetary matters--the behavior of exchange rates, how trade and capital flows affect the functioning of monetary and fiscal policies, the causes and management of currency crises, and the new European monetary union. This fourth edition assesses the outcome of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations, the work of the new World Trade Organization (WTO), and the challenges posed by regional trade blocs. A problem set follows each chapter.

This publication examines the impact of tariff changes associated with Armenia's membership in the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) and other potential and upcoming tariff changes. It explores the trade and welfare impact of Armenia's convergence to the Common External Tariff of the EEU, and of recent and potential free trade agreements between the EEU and third countries. It looks at how different sectors and products are affected by shifting import and export patterns. The publication also considers how losing eligibility for the European Union's Generalised Scheme of Preferences will affect Armenia's trade.

This publication explores how India could boost its exports by addressing nontariff trade barriers. It focuses on sanitary and phytosanitary measures and technical barriers to trade, and on export products that have the potential to increase their market share in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. It considers options including legal reforms, the upgrade of quality standards and laboratory equipment, and institution building of accrediting bodies and conformity assessment bodies. Practical recommendations suggest ways forward for both the public and private sectors.

This text offers a detailed and practical overview of the market of the European Communities (EC) and the main instruments of the EC's commercial policy and trade agreements. The main focus is on the practical aspects and application of those laws with regard to the EC's major trading partners. The book makes full reference to the rulings of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and also to the legislation regulating market access conditions. As a result, it provides a basic picture of EC trade policy together with the necessary tools and knowledge for entering into or improving bilateral or multilateral trade relations with the EC. The book is divided into six chapters. Chapter One contains an overview of the determinants of EC trade policy and its constitutional framework. Chapter Two examines the EC's various preferential and non-preferential trade regimes for third countries. Chapter Three is devoted to customs laws, with special emphasis on preferential rules of origin. Chapter Four discusses specific trade laws such as the anti-subsidy law and the "commercial policy instrument". Chapter Five covers the EC's most important trade protection law, the anti-dumping law. Finally, Chapter Six contains an overview of judicial remedies available to private parties.

In Tax, Inequality, and Human Rights, experts in human rights law and in tax law debate the linkages between the two fields and highlight how each can help to tackle rapidly growing inequality in the economic, social, and political realms. Against a backdrop of systemic corporate tax avoidance, widespread use of tax havens, persistent pressures to embrace austerity policies, and growing gaps between the rich and poor, this book encourages readers to understand fiscal policy as human rights policy, and thus as having profound consequences for the well-being of citizens around the world. Prominent scholars and practitioners examine how the foundational principles of tax law and human rights law intersect and diverge; discuss the cross-border nature and human rights impacts of abusive practices like tax avoidance and evasion; question the reluctance of states to bring transparency and accountability to tax policies and practices; highlight the responsibility of private sector actors for shaping and misshaping tax laws; and critically evaluate domestic tax rules through the lens of equality and nondiscrimination. The contributing authors also explore how international human rights obligations should influence the framework for both domestic and international tax reforms. They address what human rights law requires of state tax policies and how tax laws and loopholes affect the enjoyment of human rights by people outside a state's borders. Because tax and human rights both turn on the relationship between the individual and the state, neo-liberalism's erosion of the social contract threatens to undermine them both.

This guide contains a detailed description of the rules in force, referring to case law, prepatory texts, commentaries and memoranda. The book is based on the Community Customs Code, which contains 253 Articles, accompanied by an implementing code of more than 900 Articles, 100 Annexes, and a separate implementing Regulation on relief from import or export duties. It presents an integrated discussion of the Articles of the Code and the implementing provisions being discussed under the main Article of the Code to which they pertain.

Complying with import laws, regulations, and procedures is a technical, complex, and often costly legal problem. Michael Horton, a former customs officer himself and an attorney now specializing in customs law, draws on his practical experience to provide understandable explanations of what the laws are, how they work, and how import operations can be organized to conform to them and still be cost-effective. Comprehensive and easily accessed, Horton's handbook is also a study of the Customs Service's history, evolution, and current operations, providing corporate executives and particularly compliance officers with the understanding they need to communicate effectively with Customs officials, and in this way to sidestep potentially costly mistakes.

Horton begins with background on the Service and a review of how imported goods are classified and appraised. He gives help on complying with recordkeeping and product marking requirements, on how to troubleshoot import transactions, and cites the importer's three most important legal obligations. Covered in equal detail are such matters as reportable costs, methods for reducing duties, requesting duty refunds, and delaying duty payment by the use of bonded warehouses and foreign trade zones. Horton then itemizes specific methods for reporting costs to Customs and requesting duty refunds. Of special interest to anyone vexed and confused by the ways in which governmental agencies work, Horton gives clear, useful advice on how Customs deals with legal violations and on how to solicit and obtain binding administrative rulings on current and proposed import transactions. With emphasis on procedures as well as policies, Horton's explanations and guidance will be of special benefit to corporate sales and marketing executives, to buyers and purchasing agents, corporate and hired counsel, and to management at all levels in businesses and industries involved in international trade.

This volume is a unique study on the highly controversial issue of standard of review in WTO dispute resolution. Standards of review reflect the extent to which the WTO adjudication bodies can over-ride the decisions taken by national authorities. As such they play a crucial role in shaping the balance of power and responsibility for decisions on factual and legal issues. In recent years they have gained unprecedented political and systemic significance in WTO panel proceedings.
To what extent should panels and the Appellate Body review policy determinations of national or regional authorities of WTO members, both in terms of facts and law? Should they be guided by a policy of judicial restraint or should they review domestic measures de novo? This volume first addresses the tense relationship between international interdependence and national sovereignty against which WTO dispute settlement takes place. It then examines the notion of standards of review as one of the crucial elements in shaping the balance of power and responsibility for decisions on factual and legal issues. The current state of law and practice which has emerged through panel and Appellate Body reports is analysed and critically assessed in a commentary on the evolution of, and inconsistencies amongst, the relevant cases.
Standards of Review in WTO Dispute Resolution is a significant contribution to a perplexing subject. It also contributes to the clarification of basic issues of global Constitutionalism and the interface between domestic and international law.