Proclus' On the Existence of Evils is not a commentary, but helps
to compensate for the dearth of Neoplatonist ethical commentaries.
The central question addressed in the work is: how can there be
evil in a providential world? Neoplatonists agree that it cannot be
caused by higher and worthier beings. Plotinus had said that evil
is matter, which, unlike Aristotle, he collapsed into mere
privation or lack, thus reducing its reality. He also protected
higher causes from responsibility by saying that evil may result
from a combination of goods. Proclus objects: evil is real, and not
a privation. Rather, it is a parasite feeding off good. Parasites
have no proper cause, and higher beings are thus vindicated as
being the causes only of the good off which evil feeds.
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