The Gospel of John describes the Incarnation of Christ as "the
Word made flesh"--an intriguing phrase that uses the logic of
metaphor but is not traditionally understood as merely symbolic.
Thus the conceptual puzzle of the Incarnation also draws attention
to language and form: what is the Word; how is it related to
language; how can the Word become flesh? Such theological questions
haunt the material imagery engaged by medieval writers, the
structural forms that give their writing shape, and even their
ideas about language itself. In "Poetics of the Incarnation,"
Cristina Maria Cervone examines the work of fourteenth-century
writers who, rather than approaching the mystery of the Incarnation
through affective identification with the Passion, elected to
ponder the intellectual implications of the Incarnation in poetical
and rhetorical forms. Cervone argues that a poetics of the
Incarnation becomes the grounds for working through the
philosophical and theological implications of language, at a point
in time when Middle English was emerging as a legitimate, if
contested, medium for theological expression.In brief lyrics and
complex narratives, late medieval English writers including William
Langland, Julian of Norwich, Walter Hilton, and the anonymous
author of the Charters of Christ took the relationship between God
and humanity as a jumping-off point for their meditations on the
nature of language and thought, the elision between the concrete
and the abstract, the complex relationship between acting and
being, the work done by poetry itself in and through time, and the
meaning latent within poetical forms. Where Passion-devoted writing
would focus on the vulnerability and suffering of the fleshly body,
these texts took imaginative leaps, such as when they depict the
body of Christ as a lily or the written word. Their Incarnational
poetics repeatedly call attention to the fact that, in theology as
in poetics, form matters.
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