In "Moby-Dick," Ishmael declares, "Be it known that, waiving all
argument, I take the good old fashioned ground that a whale is a
fish, and call upon holy Jonah to back me." Few readers today know
just how much argument Ishmael is waiving aside. In fact,
Melville's antihero here takes sides in one of the great
controversies of the early nineteenth century--one that ultimately
had to be resolved in the courts of New York City. In "Trying
Leviathan," D. Graham Burnett recovers the strange story of Maurice
v. Judd, an 1818 trial that pitted the new sciences of taxonomy
against the then-popular--and biblically sanctioned--view that the
whale was a fish. The immediate dispute was mundane: whether whale
oil was fish oil and therefore subject to state inspection. But the
trial fueled a sensational public debate in which nothing less than
the order of nature--and how we know it--was at stake. Burnett
vividly recreates the trial, during which a parade of
experts--pea-coated whalemen, pompous philosophers, Jacobin
lawyers--took the witness stand, brandishing books, drawings, and
anatomical reports, and telling tall tales from whaling voyages.
Falling in the middle of the century between Linnaeus and Darwin,
the trial dramatized a revolutionary period that saw radical
transformations in the understanding of the natural world. Out went
comfortable biblical categories, and in came new sorting methods
based on the minutiae of interior anatomy--and louche details about
the sexual behaviors of God's creatures.
When leviathan breached in New York in 1818, this strange beast
churned both the natural and social orders--and not everyone would
survive.
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