The mainstream British attitude toward the Irish in the first
half of the 1840s was based upon the belief in Irish improvability.
Most educated British rejected any notion of Irish racial
inferiority and insisted that under middle-class British tutelage
the Irish would in time reach a standard of civilization
approaching that of Britain. However, the potato famine of
1846-1852, which coincided with a number of external and domestic
crises that appeared to threaten the stability of Great Britain,
led a large portion of the British public to question the
optimistic liberal attitude toward the Irish. Rhetoric concerning
the relationship between the two peoples would change dramatically
as a result.
Prior to the famine, the perceived need to maintain the
Anglo-Irish union, and the subservience of the Irish, was resolved
by resort to a gendered rhetoric of marriage. Many British writers
accordingly portrayed the union as a natural, necessary and
complementary bond between male and female, maintaining the
appearance if not the substance of a partnership of equals. With
the coming of the famine, the unwillingness of the British
government and public to make the sacrifices necessary, not only to
feed the Irish but to regenerate their island, was justified by
assertions of Irish irredeemability and racial inferiority. By the
1850s, Ireland increasingly appeared not as a member of the British
family of nations in need of uplifting, but as a colony whose
people were incompatible with the British and needed to be kept in
place by force of arms.
General
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