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Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) - Welfare-to-Work Revisited (Paperback)
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Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) - Welfare-to-Work Revisited (Paperback)
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Loot Price R527
Discovery Miles 5 270
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One of the central features of the Temporary Assistance for Needy
Families (TANF) block grant is promoting work and job preparation
for parents (mostly single mothers) in families that receive cash
assistance. TANF was created in the 1996 welfare law, which was the
culmination of a decades-long evolution from providing single
mothers "pensions" to permit them to stay home and raise children
to a program focused on work. State TANF programs were influenced
by research conducted during a period of much experimentation on
welfare-to-work initiatives in the 1980s and early 1990s, which
found that mandatory work requirements could reduce welfare receipt
and increase employment among single mothers. TANF aids some of the
most disadvantaged families with children. These families are in a
wide range of circumstances, and some of them are not subject to
state welfare-to-work efforts. In FY2009, about 6 in 10 TANF
assistance families had "work-eligible" individuals. TANF work
eligible individuals comprise in great part single mothers with
young children. In FY2009, about a third of TANF work-eligible
mothers were young (under the age of 24). Additionally, 43% of all
work-eligible women lacked a high school diploma or the equivalent.
As a block grant to the states, TANF sets federal goals such as
ending dependence of needy parents on government through work and
job preparation, gives states flexibility in program design to
achieve those goals, and measures the performance of states. The
work requirements that actually apply to recipients are determined
by the states, not by federal rules. In FY2009, a monthly average
of 42% of all work-eligible adults were either working or engaged
in a job preparation activity. The most common activity was working
in a job while remaining on the rolls. This was followed in turn by
job search and vocational educational training as the second and
third most common activities. While state rules-not federal
rules-determine work requirements for individual TANF recipients,
federal TANF law establishes work participation standards that
apply to the states and influence state program designs. The
federal work standards are performance measures used to assess
state TANF welfare-to-work efforts. The federal TANF work standards
set target participation rates, specify activities that can be
counted toward meeting the standards, and set minimum hours of
engagement per week in a month for a recipient to be considered
engaged in countable activities. The target participation rates
vary by state: the statute sets a 50% standard for all families,
but the standard is reduced by credits states may earn for caseload
reduction. In FY2009, the official TANF work participation rate was
29.4%; however, all but eight states met their work standard. The
TANF work standards date back to the 1996 law, and reflect the
policy concerns and the research on welfare-to-work programs of the
time. Research on new welfare-to-work models since the 1996 law
have yielded mixed and very limited results. However, some
innovations in workforce and education programs have yet to be
tested within a welfare-to-work context. Policymakers also face
questions about whether the sole focus of the assessment of TANF's
success ought to be welfare-to-work. TANF has evolved into a
program where cash assistance represents less than 30% of its
funds. Policymakers thus face questions of whether consideration
might be given to developing measures and assessment of how well
TANF does in meeting other goals related to improving the
circumstances of families with children.
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