The goal of much of the scientific work in natural history
museums is to explore and document the biological diversity of the
planet. This book is an outstanding example of the museum
tradition, offering the results of global research on the
biosystematics of one of the families of case-making caddisflies,
the Phryganeidae. Throughout his career as a museum curator, Glenn
Wiggins has studied and written extensively on caddisflies of the
aquatic insect order Trichoptera.
Information acquired from field work and museum collections, and
from the biological literature is synthesized into a taxonomic
monograph. The Phryganeidae are the largest of all the caddisflies,
but existing literature has led to problems in species
identification, especially in Asia; nine species names were found
to be synonyms of others, an unsually high proportion of 10 per
cent of the described species. Fifteen genera comprising
seventy-four species are recognized here, including three that are
new to science. Generic keys are provided for adults, larvae, and
pupae; keys to species are given for adults. Morphological
structures used in the keys are fully illustrated in 246 line
drawings and half-tone plates. Distribution maps are provided for
most of the North American species.
Hypotheses are inferred for the phylogeny of the genera, and for
the species in each genus; the fossil history of the Phryganeidae
is reviewed. From this base, the biogeography of the family is
interpreted. Of evolutionary interest is an extraordinary
relationship between larval case-making and pupation behaviour and
the degradation of functional pupal mandibles. Contrasting colour
patterns of the wings in some species of the Phryganeidae are
interpreted for the first time in the Trichoptera as part of a
protective warning system to deter predators. Variation in
genitalic morphology far exceeding normal species limits is
documented in two species, and the evolutionary implications are
considered. Combined with fossil evidence that the Phryganeidae are
the oldest of the case-making Trichoptera still extant, several of
the atypical morphological and behavioural attributes discussed in
this book can be interpreted as plesiomorphic, placing the
Phryganeidae in a pivotal position for inferring phylogeny in the
Trichoptera. A revised classification embodying much new
information is proposed for the family Phryganeidae.
The taxonomy, biology, and evolution of no other family of
caddisflies has been treated as extensively.
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