A GRAMMAR OF LATE MODERN ENGLISH H. POUTSMA SOLMETIME ENGLISH
MASTER IN THE MUNICIPAL GYMNASIUM AMSTERDAM PART I THE SENTENCE
SECOND HALF THE COMPOSITE SENTENCE SECOND EDITION . NOORDHOFF -
1929 - GRONINGEN TABLE CONTENTS. CHAPTER IX. Introduction . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER X. Copulative Co-ordination . . .
. . . . . . . . . CHAPTER XI. Adversative Co-ordination . . . . . .
. . . . . . . CHAPTER XII. Causal Co-ordination CHAPTER XIII.
Subordinate Statements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . CHAPTER XIV. Subordinate Questions . CHAPTER XV. . . . .
. . . . . . . . Substantive Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER XVI. Adnorninal Clauscs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER XVII. Adverbial Clauses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER XVIII. Infinitive-Clauses CHAPTER XIX. Gerund-Clauses . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER
XX. Participle-Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER XXI.
Nomi nal-Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER XXII.
Elliptical Sentences and Anacoliitha . . . . . . . . . SECOND HALF.
THE COMPOSITE SENTENCE. CHAPTER IX. INTRODUCTION. ORDER OF
DISCUSSION. Co-ordination and subordination compared . . . . .
Incomplete clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contraction . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . Compound elements of a sentence . . . . . . . .
. . Incomplete clauses compared with Elliptic Senteiices . . .
Co-ordination effected by Conjunctions or Conjunctive Ad- verbial
Adjuncts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Syndetic, Asyndetic or
Collateral and Polysyndetic Connexion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. Copulative, Adversative, and Causal Co-ordination . . . . Full,
Incomplete, and Undeveloped Subordinate clauses . . Subordinate
Statements, Subordinate Questions, Substantival Clauses,
Attributive Adnominal Clauses. Adverbial Clauses The Element to be
supplied in Incomplete Subordinate Clauses Infinitive-, Gerund-,
Participle-, and Nominal Undeveloped clauses . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 1. A c o m p osi t e sentence is the union of two
or more sentences which from their contents, the way in which they
are arranged or joined together, and the manner in which they are
uttered, form a whole. 2. The grammatical relation between the
different members of a composite sentence is that of a
Co-ordination parataxis, when theyaregrammatically of equal rank,
as in He will go on a journey, and his brother will stay at home.
He will go on a journey, but his brother will stay at home. He will
go on a journey, therefore his brother will stay at home. b
Subordination hypotaxis, when one member represents an element
subject, nominal part of the predcate, object, etc. of the other,
as in What I told you rests on sufficient evidence. My advice is
that you should not meddle with the affair. I gave him what I had
received. I will tell you all that I know of the matter. He did not
go out, because he was ill. Note, The distinction between
co-ordination and subordination is Sometimes rather a grammatical
than a semantic one. Thus no appreciable difference in meaning is
involved if the co-ordinative and is changed into the subordinative
while in John is a banker, and his brotherholds a situation under
government. Conversely while might be replaced by and or but, the
latter on the strength of the implied contrast, in Galsworthy at
least had sympathy, while lbsen stops short at understanding. The
Church, after all, inherits her doctrines from the Reformation,
whilemany of her customs and feslivals are as old as Milhraism.
Substitution of while for and, however, would make the following
sentence ambiguous The children were having their music lessons,
and the baby was crying nextdoor.
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