"We started the 2011 revolution and the rest of Egypt followed,"
say Egyptian workers with strong conviction and passion. Egyptian
independent workers' continuous claims of contention and protest
repertoires were one of several main factors leading to the January
25, 2011, uprising. After thirty-two years of a Mubarak-led
authoritarian regime, massive protests began in January 2011 and
forced President Mubarak to step down from his position on February
11, 2011. So, how did Egyptian workers challenge the regime and how
did they become one of the factors leading to the January 2011
uprising? These workers were organized into loose networks of
different independent groups that had been protesting for a decade
and longer prior to January 2011. These regular protests for over a
decade before 2011 challenged the Egyptian authoritarian regime.
This book examines the combative role of Egyptian independent
workers' formal and informal organizations as a contentious social
movement to challenge the regime. It will examine the evolving role
of workers as socio-economic actors and then as political actors in
very political transitions. Social movement theory (SMT) and its
mechanisms and social movement unionism (SMU) will be the lenses
through which this research will be presented. The methodology used
will be the comparative case studies of two different movements
where workers who advocated for their rights for a decade prior to
January 2011 experienced significantly differing outcomes. One case
study showcases the municipal real estate tax collection workers
who were able to establish a successful social movement and then
create an independent trade union. The second case study examines
an influential group of garment and textile workers, who also
developed an effective social movement, yet they were not able to
take it to the next step to establish an independent union. I will
explore within this research a second question: why one group of
workers was able to establish an independent union while the other
arguably more influential group of workers, the garment and textile
workers, was not able to do so. This had an impact on the overall
influence they were able to exercise over the regime in addition to
their effectiveness as a social movement for change.
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