Progesterone, the hormone "pro gestationem", plays a pivotal role
in mammalian reproduction during almost all phases of the menstrual
cyc1e and all stages of pregnancy. It is involved in the control of
ovula- tion, prepares the endometrium for implantation, and, in
later stages of pregnancy, is responsible for its maintenance by
suppressing uterine contractility. The sudden withdrawal of
progesterone action at the end of the nonfertile cycle leads to the
constriction of spiral arteries and, in . turn, to menstruation in
human beings and non human primates. The decrease in serum
progesterone concentrations or its functional with- drawal in the
myometrium and decidua are the most important events during
parturition in various mammals. In the uterus, progesterone
controls the growth and differentiation of endometrial and
myometrial cells and regulates a variety of cell functions directly
by either stimulating or inhibiting structural and functional
proteins, but also indirectly by functionally opposing estra- diol
action. In the nonpregnant uterus, there are different progesterone
effects on uterine cell proliferation which vary among species. In
the fertile cyc1e, progesterone regulates in synergism with
estradiol the transport of the fertilized eggs and the c1eavage
stage embryos through the oviduct and induces the secretory changes
in the endometrium re- quired for implantation. During the period
between ovulation and im- plantation, remarkable morphological and
biochemical changes in the lumenal and glandular epithelial cells
take pi ace under the influence of rising progesterone levels in
the human and primate endometrium.
General
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