Aristotle believed that the outermost stars are carried round us on
a transparent sphere. There are directions in the universe and a
preferred direction of rotation. The sun moon and planets are
carried on different revolving spheres. The spheres and celestial
bodies are composed of an everlasting fifth element, which has none
of the ordinary contrary properties like heat and cold which could
destroy it, but only the facility for uniform rotation. But this
creates problems as to how the heavenly bodies create light, and,
in the case of the sun, heat. The topics covered in this part of
Simplicius' commentary are the speeds and distances of the stars;
that the stars are spherical; why the sun and moon have fewer
motions than the other five planets; why the sphere of the fixed
stars contains so many stars whereas the other heavenly spheres
contain no more than one (Simplicius has a long excursus on
planetary theory in his commentary on this chapter); discussion of
people's views on the position, motion or rest, shape, and size of
the earth; that the earth is a relatively small sphere at rest in
the centre of the cosmos.
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