The link between private corporations and U.S. world power has a
much longer history than most people realize. Transnational firms
such as the United Fruit Company represent an earlier stage of the
economic and cultural globalization now taking place throughout the
world. Drawing on a wide range of archival sources in the United
States, Great Britain, Costa Rica, and Guatemala, Colby combines
"top-down" and "bottom-up" approaches to provide new insight into
the role of transnational capital, labor migration, and racial
nationalism in shaping U.S. expansion into Central America and the
greater Caribbean. The Business of Empire places corporate power
and local context at the heart of U.S. imperial history.
In the early twentieth century, U.S. influence in Central
America came primarily in the form of private enterprise, above all
United Fruit. Founded amid the U.S. leap into overseas empire, the
company initially depended upon British West Indian laborers. When
its black workforce resisted white American authority, the firm
adopted a strategy of labor division by recruiting Hispanic
migrants. This labor system drew the company into increased
conflict with its host nations, as Central American nationalists
denounced not only U.S. military interventions in the region but
also American employment of black immigrants. By the 1930s, just as
Washington renounced military intervention in Latin America, United
Fruit pursued its own Good Neighbor Policy, which brought a
reduction in its corporate colonial power and a ban on the hiring
of black immigrants. The end of the company's system of labor
division in turn pointed the way to the transformation of United
Fruit as well as the broader U.S. empire.
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