How did the United States go from being a country that tries to
rehabilitate street criminals and prevent white-collar crime to one
that harshly punishes common lawbreakers while at the same time
encouraging corporate crime through a massive deregulation of
business? Why do street criminals get stiff prison sentences, a
practice that has led to the disaster of mass incarceration, while
white-collar criminals, who arguably harm more people, get slaps on
the wrist--if they are prosecuted at all? In "Who Are the
Criminals?," one of America's leading criminologists provides new
answers to these vitally important questions by telling how the
politicization of crime in the twentieth century transformed and
distorted crime policymaking and led Americans to fear street crime
too much and corporate crime too little.
John Hagan argues that the recent history of American criminal
justice can be divided into two eras--the age of Roosevelt (roughly
1933 to 1973) and the age of Reagan (1974 to 2008). A focus on
rehabilitation, corporate regulation, and the social roots of crime
in the earlier period was dramatically reversed in the later era.
In the age of Reagan, the focus shifted to the harsh treatment of
street crimes, especially drug offenses, which disproportionately
affected minorities and the poor and resulted in wholesale
imprisonment. At the same time, a massive deregulation of business
provided new opportunities, incentives, and even rationalizations
for white-collar crime--and helped cause the 2008 financial crisis
and subsequent recession.
The time for moving beyond Reagan-era crime policies is long
overdue, Hagan argues. The understanding of crime must be reshaped
and we must reconsider the relative harms and punishments of street
and corporate crimes. In a new afterword, Hagan assesses Obama's
policies regarding the punishment of white-collar and street crimes
and debates whether there is any evidence of a significant change
in the way our country punishes them.
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