By the beginning of the Civil War, Massachusetts Senator Henry
Wilson had established himself as one of the leaders of the
Republican party. Together with Abraham Lincoln and Henry B.
Stanton, Wilson ranks as one of the three most important civilian
figures that contributed to creating and sustaining the military.
As Chairman of the Senate Military Affairs Committee, he introduced
and succeeded in passing most of the necessary legislation to
obtain and to support an army, including the Enrollment Act of
1863. Wilson, more than any other politician was responsible for
influencing the successful passage of antislavery legislation
during the Civil War years. Contemporary newspapers gave him the
primary credit for abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia,
which was the most important abolition step prior to the
Emancipation Proclamation. When free Black men were admitted to the
army, Wilson worked hard to obtain equal pay for them. Late in the
war, he played a major role in the creation of the Freedmen's
Bureau. Among his other legendary achievements, Wilson used his
influential position to support Clara Barton, enabling her to aid
wounded soldiers. He also introduced and succeeded in having passed
legislation creating the Congressional Medal of Honor and
establishing the National Academy of Science.
General
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