Four miles southeast of the village of Matfield Green in Chase
County, Kansas--the heart of the Flint Hills--lies the abandoned
settlement of Thurman. At the turn of the century Thurman was a
prosperous farming and ranching settlement with fifty-one
households, a post office, two general stores, a blacksmith shop,
five schools, and a church. Today, only the ruins of Thurman
remain.
Joseph Hickey uses Thurman to explore the settlement form of social
organization, which--along with the village, hamlet, and small
town--was a dominant feature of nineteenth- and early
twentieth-century American life. He traces Thurman's birth in 1874,
its shallow rises and falls, and its demise in 1944. Akin to what
William Least Heat-Moon did for Chase County in PrairyErth, Hicky
provides a "deep map" for one post-office community and,
consequently, tells us a great deal about America's rural past.
Describing the shifting relationships between Thurmanites and
their Matfield Green neighbors, Hickey details how social forces
set in motion by the American ideal of individualism and the
machinations of capitalist entrepreneurs produced a Darwinian
struggle between Thurman stock raisers and Flint Hills "cattle
barons" that ultimately doomed Thurman. Central to the story are
the concept of "ordinary entrepreneurship" and the profoundly
capitalist attitudes of the farmers who settled Thurman and
thousands of other communities dotting the American landscape.
Hickey's account of Thurman's social organization and
disintegration provides a new perspective on what happened when the
cattle drives from Texas and the Southwest shifted in the 1880s
from the Kansas cowtowns to the Flint Hills. Moreover, he punctures
numerous myths about the Flint Hills, including those that cattle
dominated because the land is too rocky to farm or that Indians
refused to farm because of traditional beliefs.
Like many other small rural communities, Hickey argues, Thurman
during its seventy-year history was actually several different
settlements. A product of changing social conditions, each one
resulted from shifting memberships and boundaries that reflected
the efforts of local entrepreneurs to use country schools,
churches, and other forms of "social capital" to gain advantages
over their competitors. In the end, Thurman succumbed to the impact
of agribusiness, which had the effect of transforming social
capital from an asset into a liability. Ultimately, Hickey shows,
the settlement's fate echoed the decline of rural community
throughout America.
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