Official corruption has become increasingly prevalent around the
world since the early 1990s. The situation appears to be
particularly acute in the post-communist states. Corruption-be it
real or perceived-is a major problem with concrete implications,
including a lowered likelihood of foreign investment. In Rotten
States? Leslie Holmes analyzes corruption in post-communist
countries, paying particular attention to Bulgaria, Hungary,
Poland, and Russia, as well as China, which Holmes argues has
produced, through its recent economic liberalization, a system
similar to post-communism. As he points out, these countries offer
useful comparisons: they vary in terms of size, religious
orientation, ethnic homogeneity, and their approaches to and
economic success with the transition from communism.Drawing on data
including surveys commissioned especially for this study, Holmes
examines the causes and consequences of official corruption as well
as ways of combating it. He focuses particular attention on the
timing of the recent increase in reports of corruption, the
relationship between post-communism and corruption, and the
interplay between corruption and the delegitimation and weakening
of the state. Holmes argues that the global turn toward
neoliberalism-with its focus on ends over means, flexibility, and a
reduced role for the state-has generated much of the corruption in
post-communist states. At the same time, he points out that
neoliberalism is perhaps the single most powerful tool for
overcoming the communist legacy, which is an even more significant
cause of corruption. Among the conclusions that Holmes draws is
that a strong democratic state is needed in the early stages of the
transition from communism in order to prevent corruption from
taking hold.
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