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Design of Low-Voltage Bipolar Operational Amplifiers (Hardcover, 1993 ed.)
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Design of Low-Voltage Bipolar Operational Amplifiers (Hardcover, 1993 ed.)
Series: The Springer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, 218
Expected to ship within 12 - 17 working days
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Design of Low-Voltage Bipolar Operational Amplifiers discusses the
sub-circuits necessary to build a low-voltage operational
amplifier. These include rail-to-rail input stages, rail-to-rail
output stages, intermediate stages, protection circuitry and
frequency compensation techniques. Of each of these, various
implementations are examined. Furthermore, the book discusses
realizations in silicon of the amplifiers. The design and
implementation of low-voltage bipolar Operational Amplifiers
(OpAmps) is fully presented. A low supply voltage is necessary
because the tendency towards chip components of smaller dimensions
lowers the breakdown voltage of these components. Further, a low
supply voltage is favorable because it enables operation of the
OpAmp from just one single battery cell. The bipolar technology is
chosen, because it is more suited for operation at low-voltages
than the MOS technology. The common-mode input voltage of the OpAmp
must be able to have any value that fits within the supply voltage
range. Input stages are discussed which are able to realize this at
supply voltages down to 1.8 V, as well as down to 1 V. The output
voltage of the OpAmp must be able to have any value within the
supply voltage range. One of the 1 V output stages that is
discussed, the multi-path driven output stage, also has a high
bandwidth with a high gain. In addition to the input and output
stage, the OpAmp comprises an intermediate stage, between the input
stage and the output stage, to boost the overall gain of the OpAmp,
and a class AB current control. A frequency compensation technique
is used to split apart the pole frequencies in the transfer
function. A disadvantage of this nested Miller compensation, is
that the resulting bandwidth is reduced by a factor of two. A new
method, multi-path-driven Miller compensation, which does not have
this drawback, is therefore introduced. Several realizations are
evaluated and a figure of merit is defined for the performance
comparison of the OpAmps. One of the OpAmps operates at a 1 V
supply, has a 3.4 MHz bandwidth with a 100 pF load and has a 700
&mgr;A supply current. The book is an excellent reference for
professional designers of amplifiers and may be used as a text for
advanced courses on the subject.
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